There should be laws against bullying in elementary school Annotated Bibliography

There should be laws against strong-arming in childlike school - Annotated Bibliography Exampleing has extended even to internet strong-arm excessively known as cyber bullying where people are harassed via the internet on social sites (Kalman,(2011) 3). simple school is the first confront of schooling for children in the United States. In this stage, the children are still precise young and, fragile, and they shape their behavior in this stage. The children here are aged between 5 and 14. determent may have adverse effects on individuals depending on how they each react to bullying and the lay in which the bullying occurs. Bullying may be a result of envy. Other people bully because they too are being bullied as a way of getting revenge. This shows that different people get hold of with bullying in different ways. Some individuals ignore the bullying advances and, as a result, focus more than on their jobs or at school while others end up taking drastic measures such(preno minal) as suicide or mass murders (Vettese, (2012) 5).Bullying starts as early as in elementary school where kids harass and insults fellow students. When kids are not reprimanded as early as in elementary school when they start picking on each other, they are likely to make bullying a constant behavior (Trump, (2011) 55). Since the kids in elementary school are still very young, they make bullying a habit and continue picking on their victims as they grow up and continue on with their education at different levels. It is important to take necessary measures to reduce bullying at this stage of the childrens life as it forms a basis on which they pursue the next events of their life. Bullying is, in fact, a serious issue in schools and it even assumed to be a key encounter to the security and safety in schools for students. Planning and enforcing bullying preventive measures reduces the cases of violence in schools. Elementary schools without these measures scarce encourage bullies to continue with their actions and thus pushing the victims of bullying to extreme measures (Kalman,(2011) 3).Anti-bullying laws are a

Air Pollution and Population in Kuwait Research Paper

Air Pollution and nation in capital of Kuwait - Research Paper ExampleThe nature and objective of the study is to find the affinity between publicise contaminant and population in KuwaitA simple linear clay sculpture to establish a relationship between the two versatiles is Yt = b1 + b2 * Xt WhereYt is air pollutionXt is population.An affix or decrease in air pollution is an effect of change in population unite with several other factors. There atomic number 18 several hypotheses to be tested and several policies to be evaluated, which are dependent on a number of questions. The issues to be considered in this paper are as follows1.How virile is the relationship between air pollution and population?2.How strong is the relationship between air pollution and population in Kuwait?3.Can pollution be treated as an independent variable apart from population? 4.What are the effects of air pollution on the population in Kuwait?5.What is the effect of air pollution on the life span o f the population in Kuwait?6.How does air pollution affect the life expectancy of the Kuwaiti population?7.Which age groups are about abnormal by air pollution in Kuwait?8.Is air pollution only due to exterior factors or are there any indoor factors also involved?9.Which gas (causal of air pollution) is the most harmful to the population?10.What are the atmospheric levels of pollution in terms of nitrogen oxide and dioxide, carbon monoxide and dioxide and ozone in Kuwait?

Catedral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Catedral - try on ExampleThe narrator realizes his loneliness, his lack of communication, and his use of alcoholic beverage and drugs to overcome these short approachings through this meeting and thus the chronicle ends on a positive note that there is still hope.The first hint of the narrators loneliness is when his wife says to him You dont permit any friends, (Carver, 2009, para 10). His constant use of alcohol also bears testimony that he wishes to drown these feelings by consuming more and more alcohol. Also at one point in the story when the wife goes to sleep and Robert wishes to stay and chat with the narrator, the narrator seems affect and is glad to flummox company in his daily ritual of staying up late and drinking.Another chief(prenominal) issue that the narrator realizes is his lack of communication. He is not able to communicate properly with his wife. He is strike to see his wife smiling when she comes home with Robert thus hinting that he does not know what ple ases his wife and what does not. He is not even mentioned in the conversation between his wife and Robert. When he, bored of the conversation, switches on the television, his wife looked at him with irritation. (Carver, 2009, para 47).Likewise from the beginning he was uncomfortable with the notion that a blind man was coming to visit and would stay in his house. He had not been around any blind person to have any fore-hand knowledge of how to treat a blind person. Eventually he ends up asking ill-chosen questions for instance the side of the train that Robert sat on while coming as it would not have mattered toand even when he is addressed to by Robert, he replies in monosyllables and phrases. He also changes some conceptualize notions about blind people as he is surprised by the presence of a face fungus and absence of dark glasses on a blind man as well as his skill with the fork and fingers during dinner. Then he also faces immense difficulty in describing a cathedral to Rob ert. When Robert makes the narrator draw the

Library class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library class - Essay ExampleWhy? (Use the criteria detailed out in week 3 lecture, i.e. Authority and Credibility, Scope, Coverage & Relevance, Bias & Accuracy, Currency & Timeliness, Quality, and Commercialism) (6 points).I would non use this source for my final project because it is not an academic paper and as such is not reliable and there is no assurance that it has gone through the valid and thorough research processes as seen in academic papers.1. The website religioustolerance.org (http//www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marr.htm) was precise helpful and interesting because it was able to discuss the issue of gay married couple using all the viewpoints raised by those who oppose and those who favor it. It is credible because it cites its sources for its discussions however such sources be not very academic. They are also ground on other opinions of other people. The information presented is updated based on the recent dates indicated in the website.2. My classmates entry in relation to ____ is very insightful and interesting. It made use of current and academic resources which make the information reliable and credible. The date indicated in the website is very much recent and the data used came from reliable authors and studies. I suggest that she consider more websites from Google student searches because this search will also yield other scholarly and reliable

Problems and Opportunities created by having too much data, and what Essay

Problems and Opportunities created by having too much data, and what to do about them - Essay ExampleThis in itself presents possible profits and disadvantages to the use of large data. unfit Data has the ability to revolutionize not just education, but also research. cypher a world where people have easy access to a large database that has all the prerequisite aspects that give the sack be needed in a students academic performance. This information can be used to plan the most effective designs of education, starting from writing, reading, and math, to progress college-level, courses. It is believed widely that the usage of large Data in information technology can help lessen the health care cost while improving its quality by making care more personalized, proactive and basing it on more extensive continuous monitoring that are home based. Through such implementations, the U.S. government yearly estimates a saving of 300 million dollars.In addition, there have been persuasiv e cases made for the contribution of Big Data, for instance in urban planning through high-fidelity fusion of geographical data, intelligent conveyancing through visualization and abridgment of detailed and live road network data. Environmental modeling and market place materials occur through the new genome materials initiative. Financial systematic risk analysis occurs through integrated analysis of a contracting web to find dependence between homeland security and financial entities. computational social sciences is a new methodology fast growing in popularity because of the lowered cost of attaining data and computer security mainly through analysis of events and logged information largely known as (SIEM) protection Information and Event Management. All these application have proved to be beneficial in a large scale (Davenport & Dyche, 2013).While, the potential benefits of Big Data are real and significant, there still sojourn many challenges that are related to

The American revolution 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The American whirling 2 - Essay ExampleAmericans were outraged. They were not given ample representation on the matter. They cal take it as receipts without representation.This ignited different forms of opposition from the Americans like stopping the importage of British goods. Some even reacted violently by barricading a house where the stamps ar stored and destroying it. A group called Sons of Liberty was formed and these lead the plea to repeal the law. Although the law was repealed, the parliament passed a Declaratory Act that affirmed the Britishs right to legislate laws that it wanted for its colonies.This was followed by the passage of the Tea Act to save the East India Company from bankruptcy. The law removes all duties imposed on British tea exported to America and these gave unfair advantage on other tea imports. Again, they resisted this law and it led to the infamous Boston Tea Party wherein some members of the Sons of Liberty boarded a British ship and threw tally the imported tea to the sea. A few years later, the British parliament passed a number of laws, which are deemed unfair for the Americans. This prompted all colonies except Georgia to convene for the send-off time as the rootage Continental relation to create a unified stand against unfair British policies and laws. Violence erupted elsewhere which were met by British forces. champion of these events was the Boston Massacre wherein they fired into a mob. The confrontations escalated into a military conflict to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first of the battles between the British and Americans. These battles prompted all of the thirteen colonies to again convene as the Second Continental Congress to direct the American war efforts and they appointed George Washington to lead and organize the army and finally on the 4th of July, they declared the independence of America.The Continental Congress provided the venue for different personalities coming from the colonies to pursue their suffer interests. But in the end, they were able to see that they have common interests and power saw themselves as integrity people. During the First Continental Congress, they tried to push for reforms and the repealing of the laws but they were neglected. Situations worsen and it went to a full-scale rebellion against Great Britain. Eventually, they saw that they cannot pursue these interests as different colonies but should act as one and it was only through independence from British rule that it can be achieved. It was their inevitable choice. This was further strengthened by the framing of the Articles of bond by the Continental Congress and became as the first charter of the government. Although it wasnt until 1891 when all of the 13 colonies approved it, it was one step ahead of creating the United States of America.The Continental Congress also faced a lot of setbacks. One of these was due to the differences of the colonies interests, it cannot be avoided that they present different views and proposals. An example was the option to just reconcile with Great Britain and provide reforms. But because the war is ongoing and it really stirred American patriotism, only a few support this stance and still opted to continue the war and eventually declaring their independence.2. Discuss the costs and benefits of the American Revolution Who had the around to gain The most to lose Was the American

Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply range of mountains Management - Assignment ExampleSupply drawstring management includes a series of well-coordinated decisions and activities that argon apply to provide sufficient integrated supplier services, transporters, ware houses and guest. This often ensures that the correct products and services are taken to delivered at the right locations in the right quantities while minimizing the cost of undertaking these activities. The essence of this is to acquire sustainable competitive market advantage. A company tote up chain can be immensely perplex because it entails a large number of customers and suppliers. Logistic functions whitethorn be used to help the flow of piercing material from the producer of the item, to the manufacturer then the distributor and finally the end user of the product(Wisner 104). The internal supply chain involves the manufacturers. In this case, it entails sourcing, distributing and production as a whole. Sourcing is where the company m akes some purchases, process orders, make negotiations for contracts and hypothecate the purchase process. In production, the raw materials are transformed into components of an end product or the product itself. dispersion is where the flow of material or end product is managed as from the manufacture to the customers. To ensure that the process is through successfully, enterprise resource planning systems should be used. The enterprise resource planning system usually memory and processes the data of the company. In addition, it integrates the companys information system as a whole. ERP is beneficial as it facilitates the flow of all the details in the company and also ensures that the daily company processes are managed suitably (Wisner222). The supplier networks are also another key component of the supply chain. They may be the organizations trustworthy for all the direct and indirect service and product provision. For instance, a computer manufacture supplier may include a ll the organizations responsible for the provision of all items of the computer. This may include computer chips, motherboards and hard drives conscionable to mention a few. The distribution networks the real movement of goods from the manufacture to the customers. The main focus is on the packaging, storing and how the materials are handled at the receiving ends the warehouses, docks and the retail stores. One crucial consideration in the distribution process is the mode of transportation and its management. This includes how the external carriers have been managed or how the private carriers are selected. Another important thing to consider is the e - commercialism sector. This plays a vital role as it facilitates the flow of funds and information. E commerce is when modernistic technology is used to carry out the business transactions in a company. E commerce is conducted in a variety of electronic media. It entails business to customer transactions, business to business tran sactions, and customer to customer transactions. A few websites that carry out such include e-bay, Covisint, priceline.com and the likes of Amazon.com. The types of electronic media are bar codes, fax, electronic fund transfer (EFT), electronic data interchange (EDI) and many others (Wisner 10). In e- distribution, one is advised on where to pick their supplies and how to use them via the internet or web based environment. E- Procurement has changed the whole supply chain where the distribution and manufacturing bit is concerned. There is a seamless flow of information on fulfillment from the manufact

Introduction to the Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to the Law of Evidence - Essay ExampleHowever, in case the lawfulness arrive at a crime scene and there is no suspect within the site, thence the police officers have to conduct a thorough investigation of the crime scene and look for whatever possible links that could lead to the identification of the real suspect. In most occasions, the police dust for fingerprints at the crime scene in order to discover who was at the scene of crime and perhaps fork over to identify the key suspect(s). Addition completelyy, in the recent past, police officers have been dusting the crime scene for spike heel prints even thou there has been heated debate on the reliability or accuracy of atrial auricle prints as evidence to a similar terminus as fingerprints. In this regard, the National Training Center for scientific Support for Crime Investigation in the United Kingdom has been a compiling a database for ear prints in order to prove that ear prints are not similar and hence, t hey can be every bit used as evidence (Dennis, 2013). This present essay aims at providing answers to problem questions that are based on a case study that revolves around the law of evidence. 1. Whether the prosecution can rely upon ear prints and fingerprints as evidence To begin with, Smith and Gordon (1997) described evidence as a piece of information that aims at proving or refuting facts that have been presented. In law, evidence provides a basis for understanding what happened at a item time. In the writings by Dennis (2013), he wrote that law of evidence is the body of rules that determine whether and even how a piece of evidence can be used as a means of proving a fact. Moreover, the law of evidence regulates what can be legally admissible in the court of law for the purpose of proving or refuting facts that have been presented in a given case and even, on occasion, how the court should consider the evidence that has been presented. In normal police investigations, police officers always try to discover who was at the crime scene, before, during, and after a crime has occurred, which could range from murder, burglary, or even rape. In order to identify the presence of somebody in a particular crime scene police officers look for Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sample. Calladine et al. (2003) described DNA as a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions that are used in the functioning and development of all living organisms. Police investigations rely on DNA samples, which can be obtained from blood samples, hair, fingerprints and even ear prints, because they are purely identical or interlined to one single person. Berry and Watson (2003) clarified on this school principal by stating that it is only DNA samples of identical twins that may match to a greater extent but ordinarily DNA are restricted to one particular person. Based on this knowledge, prosecutors greatly rely on DNA samples to prove the presence of a particular person at a crime scene and hence, relate him or her with the crime committed. In the present case study, police officers carrying break investigations into the death of Jeremy Spring dusted the deceased apartments for fingerprints and ear prints in order to identify the likely suspect, who murdered Jeremy Spring. atomic number 1 Wynthers fingerprint and ear print sample were found within the apartment but the fingerprint sample had only six matching ridge characteristics while the ear print only showed rude features. With reference to the writings by Ramsland (2013), it can be stated that the prosecution

Inks lake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inks lake - Research Paper ExampleDevils washtub is located in Inks Lake National park. This is a dry land park found in United states of America, Burnet County, Texas. The landscape of the park is hilly with many cedar, live oak, cacti and Yuccas. The maroon of the park is rocky, brinyly consisting of Gneiss rock. The park has a graphic forest known as Ghost Forest.The Devils washtub / waterhole is a small extension of the Inks Lake National Park, which is almost completely surrounded by rocks. Tourists visiting the area necessitate canoe tour within the Devils Waterhole. Diving and swimming is in addition done but without a lifeguard, at personal risk. The park also acts as a habitant for wildlife such as quail, deer, vultures and other many varieties of birds.The rocks within the Devils washtub are dated 1,232 million years old. The field trip was carried out to investigate the to investigate the geology of the area.The main type of rocks found within the area was Gneiss, qu artzite, granite and amphibole/amphibolite.The most Common rock within the Devilstub - Gneiss is a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite. It is a course grained metamorphic rock formed sedimentary rocks through regional metamorphism. The field research showed that these rocks contained a wide range of minerals, such as feldspars, quartz, mica minerals, aluminous and ferromagnesian silicates. The gneiss rocks were also found to contain some amounts of iron, nickel , silicon and cobalt.The granite rock among feld spar, quartz and mica also contained diamond and chalk.Some parts within the Devils water-mouth also contained the amphibolite rock. These kind of rock were found to contain some amounts of feldspar with slight amounts of quartz.The trip study also showed that these rocks had severally undergone metamorphism,a change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure, heat or introduction of new chemical substances. For instance, the high temperature con ditions,and pressure beneath

Strategy Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

outline Managment - Assignment ExampleThe organization should continue with its online business strategy as it will help to draw in more warring advantages. The organization should implement aggressive food marketing strategies in BRICK countries to increase its global market share. Threats Intense industry competition and economic downturn pot affect the business movement of Tesco. Tesco requires great marketing and investment to sustain in the international market. Overseas market revenue may lose weight due to competition or economic conditions. Price war between the competitors jackpot affect the positiveness and large client base of Tesco. External Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political factors The market revenue and performance of Tesco depends upon the legislative and political conditions and European Union of these named countries. For employment in the country, government supports foreign retailer companies to take into account jobs from lower paid, and flexible to g raduate(prenominal) paid and highly skilled jobs to the students and other workers. Economical factors Economic factors can largely influence the cost, profits and demand. High rate of unemployment level is the vital factor for economy. Unemployment rate would significantly decrease the demand of goods and also influence the demand required to produce the goods. Tesco highest market share is in UK, if in case of slowdown of UK market would affect badly on the company. Social factors Current trends for customer are now bulk and one-stop shopping. The amount of non-food products to be sold is increased by Tesco. UK retailers such as Tesco is giving attention towards the services and value-added items because due growth of female works and ageing population.... This paper approves the changes in business environment world progress to need for innovative services and products. The strategy of product schooling must be considered by company when developing new products for existing market. It also necessary to focalization on internal development of Tesco when new products are produces for existing market. The expanding and diversifying the product development of Tesco would help to create customer relationship. Tesco can create new product line depending upon the need of the customers. Tesco should consider focus on extent and nature of diversification. The company which rear remediate innovative service and products can have better competitive advantage. Due to this unique store Tesco can use premium prices. To sustain in this competitive market, Tesco should maintain optimum quality on their internal strengths by implementing technologically innovative outlets and retail stores. This show makes a conclusion the expansion of the market and to increase companys revenue Tesco should enter into new markets like Japan and China. Survey shows that consumers in Asian markets have increased their spending and changing their trends towards retailing. This provid es high opportunity for major supermarkets like Tesco. International alliance strategy should be used by Tesco. This can explained as entering in to the Asian markets by partnerships or joint venture. This will significantly provide huge market presence and large scale of economy. However, Tesco may feel it is high risk to be first mover depending upon the market complexity.

Computer & application reseach paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

electronic computer & application reseach paper - Essay ExampleThese devilfish tease can be recharged at a later stage in over the counter stores as well as through the facilitation of conviction brains and not to forget the bank accounts as well.The historical significance of the manta cards stems from the grade 1979 when the MTR network put forward a system which brought different magnetic plastic cards into circulation. These cards were employed for single journey tickets and at times as stored value ones. The Kowloon Canton Railway raft made drug abuse of these magnetic cards in much the same way in the course of instruction 1984 and later on these were renamed as the Common Stored Value Tickets. The Octopus system was employed in the family 1997 after three trials had been done on it. Other transport services also made use of it in the coming times and in the year 2003 a major breakthrough was achieved when the Government of Hong Kong began victimisation it. After thi s, there was the deployment of these octopus cards within the different faculties of the government which has remained like that to date.The system of octopus cards is that they be purchased just about anywhere and for doing so, no identification process is deemed necessary. This suggests that the ease of usage is pretty much there so to speak. If the owner misplaces his/her octopus card then the stored value within the octopus card is lost and the anonymous basis of the octopus card makes it so much more than easy to use as there is not a bit of personal information or bank account and similar details on the octopus card itself. The use of the octopus card has increased with the passage of time and nearly all forms of purchases with Hong Kong are taking place courtesy the octopus cards.The application of the octopus cards can be studied from the fact that they do not consider any form of physical contact with the octopus card pick upers and can be easily read within a distance of a few centimeters. There are the

Classroom Managment Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

schoolroom Managment - Annotated Bibliography Examplequestionnaires, was used for the study that reported application of strategies such as physical classroom arrangement, speech sound equipment, rules, and schedules as strategies. Application of the strategies however differed amidst public and private schools and yielded different effects. The study is pertinent to flowing topic and its method that suggests reliability and validity is its dominance. Potential bias from research participants responses is however the greatest weakness and is a threat to the associated strength with the applied research method.Briesch, A., Briesch, J., and Chafouleas, S. (2015). Investigating the usability of classroom way strategies among elementary schoolteachers. ledger of Positive Behavior Interventions 17(1), 5-14.The results identified the participants ability to use the strategies, suggest application in class set-ups, is valid, and is relevant to the current study. Validity and reliab ility, based on the applied quantitative approach are the studys strengths but using participants to measure outcomes is a weakness.Coles, E., Owens, J., Serrano, V., Slavee, J. and Evans, S. (2015). From consultation to student outcomes The role of teacher knowledge, skills, and beliefs in increase integrity in classroom management strategies. School Mental Health 7(1), 34-48.Using case study, results visualize relationship between the variables and therefore identify possible mediator factor to effectiveness of classroom management strategies. Ability of a case study to develop in-depth understanding of a phenomenon is the studys strength while inability to infer findings, due to the subjective approach is a weakness of the study.Garner, P., Moses, L., and Waajid, B. (2013). Prospective teachers sensory faculty and expression of emotions Associations with proposed strategies for behavioral management in the classroom. Psychology in the Schools 50(5), 471-488.The researchers aime d at investigating relationship between

The Tremendous Impact of Global Financial Crisis Essay

The Tremendous Impact of Global pecuniary Crisis - Essay ExampleAlthough the world is yet to recover from the fiscal crisis, studies show that the main cause emanates from the mistaking of its roots (Crciun & Ochea, 2014). Six years down the line, the progenys of the financial crisis are still present as if it was just yesterday. Most of the affected nations, especially in Europe are still grappling with the effect that came along with the crash. Studies show that there were several factors associated with the crash. One of the most recognized causes of the financial crisis was bursting of the US trapping bubble. This was due to the laxity in the loan policies, whereby it was quite easy to obtain loans such as owe auto and credit card (The Economist, 2013). This, later on, resulted in financial institutions, which had expected a positive income, resultant up with huge losses and debts.The decline in the prices also caused homes worth less than mortgage loans to be forced to fin ancial incentives in order to qualify for foreclosure. Studies showed that the crisis was avoidable since the main reasons behind the crash were financial regulation failures by institutions such as banks and governments. Another reason is the dramatic collapse of corporate governance, which was because of the rash manner in which financial institutions were behaving (Shun, 2013). For instance, financial institutions were involving themselves in risky affairs whereby they would take part in excessive borrowing patterns hence putting the financial system in direct collision with the crisis (Shun, 2013). unconnected from financial institutions risky affairs, another reason behind the crisis is ill-preparedness by nations on matters relating to the financial crisis. Key policymakers in most of the affected states never saw the crisis approaching due to the lack of full knowledge of the financial systems.

The use of structure and agency and its effect on Globalization Essay

The use of structure and function and its effect on globalisation - Essay ExampleThis paper aims at relating the discussion on structure and agency with that of globalization, in rule to comprehend this complex process in a to a greater extent logical way. Greater emphasis is lay on the contribution of ideas in the dynamic affinity between agents and the environment in which they exist.Sociologists have washed-out two centuries on the issue of structure and agency. Yet they have gone no further than Marxs aline statement men make history, but not in mickle of their own choosing. One of the main issues in sociology has always centered around the debate of the effect of individualism and holism on man thought and endeavors. Agency refers to the capability of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. Structure refers to those factors such(prenominal) as societal class, religion, gender, ethnicity, customs, etc. which seem to confine or regulate the possibilities that individuals have. The debate over whether social structures determine individual behavior or do individuals themselves play a role in defining their own destiny has lead to much befuddlement.A strategic-relational approach as developed by hay (2001) will be adopted in this paper to answer some of the questions raised by the relationship between structure and agency in opposition to much of the existing literature on this exit matter. This approach suggests that the distinction between structure and agency is strictly analytical. Over time it has been argued by legion(predicate) noted sociologists that structures exist before agents however the view developed in this paper is that structures can plainly be said to exist by merit of their intermediation of human conduct - structures comprise both the medium and condition of human agency.In essence neither agents nor structures are real, since neither has an existence in isolation from the other - their existenc e is relational and truly based on sound reasoning. Structure and agency are the flip sides of the same coin. Structure and agency, although analytically dissociable, are essentially entirely intertwined.Agents are conceived as witting, reflexive and strategic. They act purposefully in an effort to realize their aims and preferences. However, they may also act intuitively or out of habit. Even so, when acting habitually they are assumed to be able to bring through their aims and their motivations explicitly. They are presumed to make all their decisions based on the immediate and long-term consequences of their actions, whether intuitively or more intentionally. Though actors are conceptualized as intentional and strategic, their preferences are not assumed to be fixated nor are their preferences wholly based on the circumstances in which they find themselves. Different actors in similar physical settings and circumstances will opt for different interests and preferences, just as the same actors will review, revise and reform their perceived interests and preferences over time as the circumstances and situation changes. This may lead one to think that the context of use or circumstances in which the actors find themselves is irrelevant. However this is far from truth. The key to the tie-up between structure

Steve Jobs the founder of Apple entrepreneurial venture Research Paper

Steve Jobs the founder of Apple entrepreneurial peril - Research Paper spokespersonIn the concluding section, the key aspects that have helped Steve Jobs to achieve success will be reflected. Traditional entrepreneurial Path An entrepreneur target be described as a person, who undertakes the probable risks that can arise in order to organize, manage and develop a occupation. In the present day context, an entrepreneur is accept as a developer or an innovator who generally recognizes as well as seizes opportunities and translates those opportunities to marketable as well as workable ideas (Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, R. M., Entrepreneurship Theory, Process, and Practice). A traditional entrepreneur intends to make the undertaken calling venture booming. The path that generally is followed by an entrepreneur in traditional process of entrepreneurship are converging on an idea of business concern, preparing a business plan, business formation, growth and exit st wandergies ident ification and going public with the business venture (Silver, Stages of Entrepreneurship). In traditional entrepreneurial path, the virtues possessed by an entrepreneur include ingenuity, diligence, ambition, tenacity, perseverance and self-discipline. These virtues drive in the endeavor of building a financially stable as well as successful business venture (Belmont University, The Good Entrepreneur) In the inception stage, the idea of business is conceived which is then study in the traditional path in terms of feasibility of the business idea from financial rack as well as other crucial aspects such as availability of the initiations for support. The sources of funding can be from two aspects i.e. financial bootstrapping method where acceptance of financial resources are avoided from any external source of investor and in the other aspect, traditional sources of finance are sought e.g. venture capital investors, hedge funds, convention funding to start-up the entrepreneurial venture. The financial aspects such as analysis of ratio, capital budgeting which includes payback method, net-present value, internal rate of return analysis and break-even analysis are part of the traditional method of entrepreneurship (Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, R. M., Entrepreneurship Theory, Process, and Practice). Path Followed By Entrepreneur Steve Jobs The endeavor of Steve Jobs, the entrepreneur, can be comprehended from his saying that We started out to get a information processing system in the hands of everyday people, and we succeeded beyond our wildest dreams (Entrepreneur Media, Inc, Steve Jobs The Comeback Kid). Steve Jobs vision had been to develop a ready reckoner for the rest of us. This endeavor sparked a PC revolution and turned Apple into an American business icon. The business plan of entrepreneur Steve Jobs was conceived from the endeavor of Steve Wozniak, who was an engineer and as part of his hobby, was trying his best to score a small computer. Visiona ry Steve Jobs with his entrepreneurial traits convinced Steve Wozniak to be a partner in his venture. Steve Jobs had grasped the potential difference of the business with a computer in the initial phase. In the business formation stage, they started on their business named as Apple, in Steve Jobs parental garage and started working towards developing a prototype called Apple I. They generated funding for their business by selling Apple I, which

Strategies for Promoting Democracy in Iraq Term Paper

Strategies for Promoting land in Iraq - Term Paper ExampleThis is usually entrenched in the laws of the land. It involves social, cultural and economic conditions that bring home the bacon free and fair practice of self-determination politically. It hails from a Greek word demokratia whose meaning is rule of the raft. This word can be divided into two. Demos meaning people and Kratos meaning power. Democracy contrasts otherwise forms of government like monarchy and aristocracy /oligarchy. Monarchy is where power is held by one individual while aristocracy is where power is held by a group of people. Contemporary governments tend to have a mixture of all these elements. there atomic number 18 several types of nation (Lijphart 150-250). The two basic forms of commonwealth are a direct democracy and representative or indirect democracy. In direct democracies, citizens have direct participation in the decision-making transit within the government. In indirectdemocracies, citiz ens elect representatives (Lijphart 200-250). He explains that in modern democracies, the sovereign power is maintained by the people while the political power is exercised through the representatives (200-250). He further explains that an electoral democracy government is determined by popular sovereignty (200-300). People in the country determine who provide govern them. They do this by voting. Liberal democracy is one in which both sovereignty and liberties are manifested. The civil society is very active and restraints the government from misusing power. A substantive democracy is a running(a) democracy. Under the representative democracy, we have a parliamentary, prexyial and constitutional democracy. Parliamentary democracy is a democracy where the government is chosen by elected representatives (Lijphart 200-250). The government in this case is checked by the legislative parliament elected by people. The legislature can dismiss the prime minister under this clay of gover nment. This happens by passing a vote of no confidence. The presidential system of democracy is where the public elects the president through general elections (Lijphart 200-250).

Hitler Rise of Evil Review Essay Example for Free

Hitler drum of Evil Review EssayIn my opinion, the movie Hitler Rise of Evil was a rattling informative movie, it was very accurate and gave some great insight to me. I thought the costume design was very accurate and good, as well as the portrayal of the life style of back then. One thing I found with this film is that I found it to be nonsubjective of many concourse in the film. It makes the whole thing seem as though invariablyyone was completely persuade by Hitler and that everything was entirely his fault. Although he had a great deal of power and influence, he could not constitute done what he did without people who chose to believe in him first.If I had to summarize this film in tierce sentences I would say it opens with a determined young Hitler. Hitler rapidly gains popularity, as well as a few enemies. Hitler has control of everything he needs to proceed with his plans, and is very well on his way there.I learned many things from this movie, but I think the mo st important one is how he manipulated and persuaded people to do what he insufficiencyed. How he pressured President Paul Von Hindenburg into giving him political power. How he was able to progress to away with murder, because before I had seen the movie I thought majority of the people did not want to side with him but it was more of a do or die situation, but from what I experience seen, there was a bit more of a mutual feeling throughout Germany, Austria and those other countries rough the Jewish population.I liked how real the movie felt, there was a mood about it that seemed very true to the era. I liked the reactions to Hitler the many different characters had, some were fond of him, others werent, but if they made it provable that they werent fans, they wouldnt have such a happy ending. What I didnt like about the ikon was how insane they made Hitler look from the start, yes, he was a mad man, but he wasnt forever and a day that way. If he had been then who would have followed him. The whole film was also built to be a film, not a documentary, which means that certain things were a bit more dramatic, but because it was a real story, it becomes a bit more misleading.I have only ever experienced discrimination a few times in my life, one of these times was about 5 years ago, on my birthday, after my begin had just announced to the world that we were Jewish. My step-grandmother had an issue with this because she herself was racist against Jewish people. So for my birthday she gave me her gold savior Christ necklace. Im not sure still what she was thinking when she gave it to me, but it was not something that would ever make me convert or change my views on Judaism, which I think was her goal.

Corruption in India Essay Example for Free

subversion in India EssayCORRUPTION putrefaction is defined as the misuse of any power of national consequence for private gain. subversive activity is not something new, as per Arthasastra of Kautilya ( around 3rd century B.C) Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey(or the poison) that finds itself at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government handmaiden not to eat up, atleast, a bit of the kings revenue. Just as fish move under water cannot possibly be prove out either as drinking or not drinking water, so government servants employed in the government work cannot be found out (while) taking money( for themselves)Major Scams in IndiaYear1976 1981 1987 1987 1991 1991 1992 1992 1994 1995 1996 1996 1996 2000 2001 2002 2006 2009 2009 2010 2012ScamKUO OIL DEAL SCAM ANTHULAY authority (PAY OFF) HDW COMMISSION BOFORS SCAM TELGI SCAM JMM BRIBE SECURITY SCAM(HARSHAD MEHTA) INDIAN BANK RIP OFF borecole IMPORT BHANSALI SCAM FODDER SCAM HAWALA SCAM UREA DEAL UTI SCAM MUTUAL stock SCAM HOME TRADE SCAM IPO SCAM MADHU KODA SCAM SATYAM SCAM THE 2G SCAM (MOTHER OF all(a) SCAMS) COAL ALLOCATION SCAM TOTAL AMOUNTAmount (In crore)2.2 30 20 64 43000 0.3 4000 1300 650 1200 950 810 233 32 1350 600 61 4000 24000 1,76,000 1,85,591 4,43,894Effect Of corruptness On Poor Brought Out By CMS-TIIWith special focus on BPL households 2008 survey shows the following results. About one third of the BPL families pay bribe in the last one year for one or more of the eleven public services cover in the study. This shows that even the poorest of the poor are not spared in their tar signed programs.The survey shows that about 3.4 % of people paying(a) a bribe for a school education and 48% in the case of police service. 4% BPL households used contacts for PDS ,school education electricity as they could not pay the bribe. 2% of the people could not get the above services sine they could not pay the bribe or had no contacts.Effects Of Corruption On The PoorBRE AK UP OF BRIBES PAID FOR 11 BASIS SERVICES IN trillionServices covered Public distribution system Hospital School education (up to class XII) electricity Water supply National rural employment guarantee scheme Land record / allowance Forest Housing Banking Police Total for 11 basic services of BPL families Total bribe paid in an year 450 870 120 1050 240 70 1240 240 1570 830 2150 8830 reference work TII-CMS India Corruption Study (2007)CPI Corruption Perceptions Index-2012 As per the data for the year 2000 , India was in the 69th rank with CPI score of 2.8.As per Ratan Tata Corruption has flex worse after liberalizationPrior to 1991, rottenness was in the form of granting licenses. Now, its replaced by the yield of contracts and in changing the terms of contractual obligations.Source Transparency International 2012 CPI score.CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS indicant 2012Source Transparency International 2012Corruption Stifles Economic ProgressAgents Role In the Licensing System Corrup tion leads in reduction inefficiency. Corruption leads to wastage of public funds and Resources. Institutionalization of corruption. Most prevalent form of corruption in India. Eg Driving Licensing Process in most states. Willingness to pay bribes.Bounce back on the society.Source February 2, 2008-Economic Political Weekly.What Is The Root Cause Of Corruption ?Traditional practise. Government services being monopolistic in nature. Lack of trans-parency. Lack of efficient and review monitoring mechanism. Issues with electoral process (funding). Corporate politician nexus-(State Capture).Socio economical divide.Lack of effective grievance redressal system.Major Demands Of The Team Anna and KejriwalAll govt. servants under the jurisdiction (Including PM). Election and remotion be independent of the govt. authorities. CBIs corruption investigation agency shall be brought under the admin ascendancy. Investigation procedure shall be in tune with the criminal investigation procedures. Setting up of lokayuktas.Provision for the citizens charter.Effective grievances redressal forum.Earlier Movements Against Corruption1974 Navnirman movement of Gujarat. Jayaprakash Narayans (JP) anti-corruption movement in Bihar of 1974-75 were both against corruption. Other movements Farmers movements. Dalit movement. Womens Movement. Environmental Movements. RTI Movement.India Against Corruption Movement -How it Differed ?Annas Image. Political Vacuum at its peak. Media coverage. In the first phase it seemed completely detached from existing policy-making establishment. Second phase suggested a political alternative. Pan Indian image.ADVANTAGESGave a very strict deathly line. Proposed several use full amendments. His is a political struggle backed by a clean struggle. Attracted the Youth. Advantages of formation of a political party Other parties head for the hills to choose better candidates. Other parties tend to give more freedom to the lower level workers. Other parties tend to function more transparently. Could be a failure in election. But politically success.DISADVANTAGESLess features to prevent corruption prospectively. Based on the assumption that Lokpal will be full of honest and efficient people.Lessons From Karnataka LokayuktaLessons learnt Lokpal should have the power of a criminal court. Selection of right candidate . Including PM ministers and MPs under the jurisdiction of the bill. Recommendations by Hegde Powers to implement recommendations of the Lokpal should be the authority of Lokpal rather than the government. Lokpal to have a separate police force for investigation.Lokpal to have the administrative control over CBIs corruption investigation team. Making CVC answerable to Lokpal.WAYS TO PREVENT CORRUPTIONWe expect a complete overhaul (holistic approach). Bottom up approach will not work (top officials are also corrupt).We need a top down approach (bring all levels of officers under the jurisdiction of Lokpal). confine faith in the citizens. Emphasis on decentralized the governance structures. Better salaries. Better discipline (accountability and other related aspects).Better recruitment process (importance of Attitude, Aptitude, Ethics). Better automation (Transparency and related aspects). Political will/commitment. affectionate norms/values should change. Electoral reforms.Question Answer Session

Policing Domestic Violence Essay Example for Free

Policing national help Violence Essay domestic help military unit can be considered to be an act of furiousness which has been observed to surpass in ein truth socio-economic part as closely as within all cultures. Domestic furiousness is defined as a pattern of coercive control that sensation individual intermittently exerts all everywhere another by bureau of spiritual, emotional, sexual, physical or economic abuse (http//www. dvvap. org/i). This form of ontogeny has victimized mostly the women and children and men in much fewer cases and it continues to be perpetrated all over the world. In some regions or nations of the world, home(prenominal)ated wildness has become a daily occurrence.Domestic forcefulness leads to very drastic effects on the family, peculiarly if perpetrated on both women and children. When this form of vehemence is done through physical harm, it results to injury, disability or plain death in victims. Mental problems that may also occu r usually make the victims feel unloved, only(a) and remove low self-esteem. Depression occurs in many victims of psychological abuse, which in turn may make out severe isolation of the victims from family and friends. Sexual madness and incest be other forms of municipal forcefulness.In some regions of the world, interior(prenominal) fierceness causes continue to rise due to patriarchal, cultural and religious traditions, (Human Rights Watch, 2005. , pp 12). All over the world, opposite governments negociate internal military force in many ways due to differing views on violence Different proposals surrender been presented to encourage the governments to seduce certain views on this form of violence. According to Lisa, domestic violence should be tough as a political and public problem. It should also be viewed as a breach of the piece rights.It is a violation of valet rights which every individual is entitled to. Those who perpetrate actions of violence against t he others should be stopped, (Lisa, H. 78-79). Policing domestic violence refers to a scientifically developed application that aims at solving the domestic violence problem. In the aside, it has involved testing of hypothesis in relation to the classification, prediction and the domestic violence pr evetion. Policing domestic violence policing as a tool of solving domestic violence also experiences several challenges as a offence prevention strategy (Hoctor, M. 53).In devote to identify more impelling policing strategies for domestic violence prevention and control, a culture of science is very necessary where the strategy integrates trial and error as a norm in crime prevention. The domestic violence policing programs aim at offering die hard to victims of domestic violence while at the same time preventing domestic violence. However, the public has raised tutelage almost the domestic violence public policy. Lawrence et al states that in the past, the public has been concer ned about the domestic violence policy. This is because it is sometimes based on ideology and it lacks evidence based on science.The public advocates for an effective domestic violence policing which should be practical and also be implemented appropriately. This would be a very good measure in preventing domestic violence (Lawrence S. et al, 24). In the last decade, natural law response to domestic violence has been criticized with a claim that the police did not take violence incidents seriously. However, effective measures to curb domestic violence ar being developed and implemented through better policing. In this paper, the domestic violence policing issue allow for be discussed.The ethical stance of domestic violence in policing will be looked at, as well as the police discussion sections responsibility of policing. The past organisation and contemporary issues arising due to violence will be evaluated. Discussion For effective policing in domestic violence, a cultural e volution in policing needs to be developed in order to nourishment the scientific revolution in order to solve the domestic violence problem. The cultural evolution rapid movement requires a growing alliance between the police and criminologists, public health association officers and professional scientists.Coherence of approach by the different police units to domestic violence is promoted by policy statements or documents where the Police officers introduce the policy documents with varying extent and content. With the increasing reports of domestic violence to the police, the police service has been required to utilize their limited resources to break domestic violence service delivery to the people. Domestic violence is a great concern for the fellowship where the police intervene in many cases.Whenever the police receive an initial call for assistance, it is their responsibility to deliver the goods immediate protection to the victim due to the fact that the police learn certain powers which allow them to answer to domestic violence incidents. Whether the victims feel confident in contacting the police departments later in future will depend on how the police perform their tasks when the victim makes the initial contact (Lawrence, S. 126). The police maintain a major role in hearing criminals or offenders with the perpetrators of domestic violence considered as criminals because they undermine the human rights of the victims.The leerys are usually arrested and charged if there is enough evidence of violence against the victim. However, constabulary enforcement officers should ensure that the suspects rights are not violated until the truth is established much later as one of the requirement in the police departmental policy. The police forces shoot domestic violence policy documents which keep written aims and priorities that are expected to assist them either solve, prevent or reduce domestic violence incidents.The policy documents normally contain the domestic violence definition, its implications, as well as guidance about the various police response components. The responsibility to implement domestic violence policies is something that is shared across a range of the police roles. The policies are very vital in protecting domestic violence victims against actions of exploitation such(prenominal) as domestic violence involving withholding of economic resources from a victim. Some children are even denied education through this form of abuse, as well partners who do not work.This denies the victims their basic needs, which is considered unethical and unacceptable. Domestic violence policing prevents this form of exploitation and instead promotes ethical practices in the society. Through policing, public safety problems are defined, analyzed and effective solutions to the problems addressed. Though the society is responsible for propagating ethics, it sometimes undermines the ethics if it allows domestic violence to occur without taking any action.For instance, in patriarchal societies, men are sometimes allowed to completely dominate over women. This had led to lack of knowledge and empowerment in women to speak out against violence, whereby the victims lack the ability to record their views and opinions with those who do not adhere to this being severely punished through domestic violence. Domestic violence policies have been developed to address such cultural practices with the police ensuring that law enforcement in relation to such policies is carried out.The police department should have the responsibility of policing domestic violence in the community because they are law enforcers who are responsible for ensuring law and order is maintained in the society and the human rights are well protected. Preventing and reducing domestic violence is one of the ways in which the human rights of everyone in the community are protected. For instance in Australia, police powers and procedures are we ll set out in the Crimes Act 1990(Policing Domestic Violence in New due south Wales NSW, 1999).In addition, the police powers can be found in the police guidelines, referred to as Domestic Violence Standard Operating Procedures. Another example can be seen in the US, where the police department has adopted mandatory arrest policy for domestic violence cases. For wedding violence cases, arrest based on probable cause could be done where the Police officers were allowed to arrest suspects without a warrant as long as the officers had probable cause whether he/she had witnessed the incident or not.This was happening in 23 states of the United States of America by the year 2005 (Hoctor, M. 007) Another reason wherefore the police should participate in domestic violence policing is that, the legislation that protects people from domestic violence in most cases directs the police to intervene in protecting the victims of domestic violence. The police have the power to pattern arrest o f criminals or offenders when need be. In policing domestic violence, domestic violence incidents should be stopped as soon as possible making the arrest of offenders by the police an effective means of stop domestic abuse.This therefore makes it their vital responsibility in policing domestic violence with the responsibility aiming at halt the conflict, as well as protecting and ensuring the immediate safety for the victims. As law enforcers, the police have a responsibility to ensure criminals are charged in court which mitigates future abuse. The police department receives reports on domestic violence from the community members and then investigates the cases to establish the cause of the abuse, the effects and the victim or offender. After establishing the facts about a case, offenders are charged in court.For instance policies allow police officers to ease up for an grok violence order (AVO), which guides the judicial process (Lawrence, S. 101). Good police service initiati ves in the police departments that enhance awareness in people about violence and service delivery show that they should have a good responsibility in domestic violence policing. The police departments in many nations have instituted the initiatives as a result of their recognition that a high percentage of people in our community are now aware that domestic violence is a crime.These initiatives include, public awareness through advert campaigns, placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO), specialized training for officers, working with the Attorney General and the schooling of COPS (Computerized Operational Policing system) to produce statistics relevant to the development of effective domestic violence prevention measures. The initiatives are a good indication of how effective the police department can be in domestic violence policing. The domestic violence issue has attracted widespread public concern, in the past and also in the current world.However, the past syst em differs with the current system in relation to how policing in domestic violence was/is handled. In the past, the number of domestic violence cases that were reported was fewer than the current number of the cases reported to the police. The go along growth of the reported cases in turn has necessitated the development of measures that will curb the violence effectively. This has led to the development of untested measures/policies to address this problem. However, in the past, this problem was not handled with much seriousness as it is now which made the past system less effective in domestic violence policing.Cultural beliefs and practices in the past contributed to continued domestic abuse, because the victims were sometimes convinced that they deserved to be abused. Different societies have changed their beliefs towards domestic violence over time with people become more aware of domestic violence as a crime currently, which has greatly assisted in effective domestic viole nce policing. People are more free to speak out about this issue in the modern font world as compared to the past years. mod police service initiatives have enhanced better domestic violence policing as compared to the past system of policing.For instance placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO) in the local areas as a modern initiative has made it easy for people to report violence cases. In addition, offenders are easily apprehended and charged for their offences. In the past, lack of awareness in some victims and the community as a firm in policing encouraged continued abuse because the offender had no action taken against them. Current systems have developed specialized training for officers, which involves training of officers in response to domestic violence and other issues that repress domestic violence.On the other hand, the past systems did not have such training programs. The standard run procedures (SOP) launching together with the development of compu terized operational policing system (COPS) have been very instrumental in word sense of effective domestic violence policing measures in the modern systems (Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW,1999). The domestic violence policing have also experienced several problems. The policing may lack inadequate support which may in turn undermine how effective the policing can be in solving domestic violence.The police officers who handle domestic violence cases have been accused of not providing the involved parties with enough schooling and sometimes they have an inappropriate attitude towards the victims. In addition, they have shown unsympathetic, rude and indifferent behavior towards the victims. Nevertheless, solutions to these problems have been integrated in domestic violence policing programs to ensure domestic violence is prevented. Though domestic violence prevention measures were present in the past, current measures have been developed to improve on the past strat egies

Importance of Advance Directives Essay Example for Free

Importance of Advance Directives EssayThe Importance of Advance Directives Tara J. DiDonato Axia College of University of genus Phoenix The Importance of Advance Directives While most stack do non speak about remainder of life issues either because of their background or religion, it is not only for the elderly, we should all make our wishes known. According to the church bench Research Center, (January 2006), 42% ofAmericans retain had a friend or relativesuffer from a last(a) illness or coma in the last five years andfor a majority of these people , the issue of withholding life sustaining treatment came up. Although many people feel it is taboo, all adults over the age of 18 should think about what their healthc be wishes would be if they could not speak for themselves. These wishes should be put down in an advance directive, so that love ones know what they are. Power of Communication According to the Mayo Clinic (2005), The issues skirt grave illness and death are n ot easy to discuss. Decisions are much easier on our loved ones if we take an advance directive in place before we are faced with a serious illness or accident.Without communicating our wishes, we might find ourselves in a condition that we are unable to communicate the medical treatment we wish to receive, such as resuscitation or life support. Having a conversation with loved ones is important to clarify medical wishes. We should explain our wishes and explain how our values pass on shaped our decision. Types of Advance Directives According to the Mayo Clinic (2005), Advance Directives are written instructions regarding your medical care preferences. at that place are various types of advance directives, such as a Living Will, Durable Power of Attorney, health care Proxy and Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR).Durable power of attorney and living wills have limitations, they do not include instructions for every situation, which means that we need to trust that the person we have n amed will make the decisions which are in our best interest and are what we would have wanted. A DNR outrank is a form that is commonly discussed with a physician. A DNR order alerts physicians and emergency medical personnel that if a patients heart stops beating or if the patient stops breathing, there should be no attempts to revive them. Another advance directive is a Healthcare Proxy (HCP).This document allows patients to involve an agent to act on their behalf if they are temporarily or permanently unable to make health care decisions on their own. According to Fell, Kukula and Taylor (2005), as with other advance directives, it is very important to discuss, in detail, all of your wishes with your refilling and make sure they clearly understand and are willing to make these decisions on your behalf (p. 4). Everyone should have a voice, not just the elderly Advance directives are not just for the elderly, anyone over the age of 18 should have one.Unexpected situations can ar ise at any age and there might be end of life decisions that needs to be made. In the event that a person does not have an advance directive in place, according to Fell, et al. (2005), you will receive medical care to the fullest extent reserve for your condition. Without an advance directive the patient might receive more treatment than he or she would have wanted. The biggest misconception about an advance directive is that people think that having one means do not treat, this is incorrect. Frequently used medical terms

Sources of Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Sources of shamed Law EssayA polity is a systemise order or written direct of justness. A statute identifies a peculiar(a) rule of law or condition of a particular state or political relation. Each State has its own constitution the states constitution and its laws ar considered statutes. Generally, statutes are named finished numbers or codes.Example In Illinois, the definition of a forcible felony is found under 720 ILCS 5/2-8. 720 is the criminal code, ILCS stands for Illinois Compiled Statutes, 5/2-8 specifies the location of the rule. The term, Throw the hold in at you refers to the book of statutes or book of laws of the state. Throwing the book at you means they are charging you with as many things in the statute book as they stand.Statutes see everything we do in government, they are the laws passed by our representatives in congress or the state senate. These laws deal with everything from crimes, to taxes, to how to blend a speed bump put in on a county road. Statutes are rules of law enacted by government and burn down be challenged as violating one or more of your constitutionally protected rights.VS. usuals law comes from the old English system of law we copied here in the US. Common law is the drill of enforcing rules we endure describeed in the past.Common law is defined by cases through the idea of precedent. Precedent is hardly applying the same rule that did before. Citing precedent is like saying you did this before, so do it again.Example Common law is the same idea as about parents employ with their kids. If you punished one child for biting a classmate by sending them to their room, you will also give your next child the same penalisation if they bite a classmate. This is because historically, the punishment for biting was being sent to ones room. Thus, that punishment becomes the parkland law or common rule.The concept of Stare Decisis adds another element to common law. Just like at your domicile with your kid s, the taps can change the rules on us. However, the only court that can change the rule is the highest court to have addressed the issuing. Basically, add chain of command to precedent.Example If the Supreme Court of the US (highest Court in the entire US) makes a rule such as the rule requiring all arrested person to be minded(p) Miranda rights, NO other court can change that rule except the US Supreme Court. thence every state has to follow that ruleStare Decisis goes further though If the US Supreme court decides NOT to address that issue and the highest court to hear the case was the Illinois Supreme Court, ONLY the Illinois courts have to follow the rule. This system goes all the way down to the courts in your area. If no courts have ever issued an opinion regarding the issue in the case at the district (trial court) level then they can apply any rule they see fit.How does this work?Statutes say what the rules of law are, Common law or case law defines how they are applied .Example The constitution is a statute and this 2nd amendment says A well regulated Militia, being inevitable to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.The statute can be read many different ways Scholars debate whether the right to bear ordnance is a right you have all the time as a citizen or only in connection with militia serviceCommon law or Case Law defines what the statutes mean. As of late as 2008, the Supreme Court was defining what the words of this statute (2nd Amend.) mean, the Supreme Court held, The Second Amendment protects an man-to-man right to possess a fire offset unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).Our laws come from both Common Law and are do up by statute Many of our laws come from common law and are then codified (formally written) into statutes. For example, most rules of point in a cou rt room are defined by common law but have been codified into formal statutes like the Federal Rules of Evidence. The concept of hearsay came from the common law of England.Requirements for a criminal ActStatutes define everything about a law. They lay out the Elements of a Crime.Elements of a crime are the specific conditions that need to be satisfied to be found guilty of a particular crime. Elements may include a persons state of mind or mens rea. For example to commit the crime of 1 degree murder (every state defines things and terms things slightly differently) most states require that the State prove the accused intended to commit the crime. To do this, some amount of evidence must show that the persons action were not accidental but intentional. Therefore the persons intent is said to be an element of the crime.Other elements of the crime of murder include a dead body.Motivation or precedent is NOT an element of a crime because motive is not a condition that must be met to c ommit the act. You dont have to have a reason to kill someone collectible ProcessThe idea of referable Process comes from the 5th and 14th amendments of the US Constitution. The 14th Amendment applies the right to Due Process to every state and any law enacted by the states.Due Process is simple. It means that the government cannot take anything from you not your house not your liberty not your life not a unmarried cent without affording you the right to process of law.Process of law can be very broad it can mean a criminal trial, an administrative hearing or anything in between. This is why you can battle every ticket you ever get including speeding, jaywalking, or even code violations.This right says no citizen can have anything taken from them by the government without the right to their day in court.ReferencesDistrict of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).

Divorce Bill Essay Example for Free

Divorce Bill EssayMarriage is regarded as a numinous union between man and a woman, and the family founded on marriage is recognized as a display case of love, protection and care in that respectfore it must be cherished and must last forever. Nonetheless, when e trulything is broken, and many part were shed, all ends into divorce. Divorce is the final termination of a marital union, gageceling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of married couple on between the parties (un manage annulment, which declares the marriage null and void). Divorce laws vary considerably around the world, but in most(prenominal) countries it requires the sanction of a court or other authority in a legal process. The causation that gave me urge to pursue this topic is my sympathy to the children that will get left behind. This survey showcases the different learns of nearly people towards this topic.Divorce is a declaration of independence with only two signers. Gerard LiebermanThe question I am contending goes like thisPipirma ka ba?People have different views and opinions concerning this topic. There are those who are in regard of divorce and those who are not in favor of divorce. The third will be those who are neutral.I asked several students about their foundation on divorce. The following are the comments of some anti-divorce people concord to Jerome Canonizado, initiative year student of Mapua Institute of Technology, why would people bother themselves for a marriage if they will solely give themselves pester and hassle in dealing with divorce written document? Canonizado is implying that he is implying that he isnt in favor with divorce.Another comment from Sorell Angeles, a freshman student in Ateneo de Manila University, verbalise no for he believes that marriage is a lifetime decision thats why choosing the right better half should be taken seriously. He as well added that with divorce, the sanctity and devotion of marriage will be easily broken by those who will not be serious for this manner.Other respondents like Julius Rodriguez of Mapua, and behind De Asis of Ateneo, stressed out the vows and promises renounced by the couple during the marriage. They are saying that after all these vows and promises, why would a couple end up filing divorce papers with each other? They are implicitly saying that their stand for this subject is against divorce.In addition with these anti-divorce people above, another anti-divorce person in the image of Bernadette Senado, a cell group mentor and a teacher gave her opinion as regards to divorce. She give tongue to that in this day and age, most affinitys are results of peoples emotional impulses. Because of these, people were blinded and were not qualified to make right decisions and choices, and choose the right partner. All in all, in any angle, according to her, theres no beauty in divorce.Now, the following are the comments of the pro-divorce pe opleArnold Justin Mejia Rull, a resident of Marikina city, commented that he is a pro-divorce. His answer was based on a certain situation in a relationship. According to him, he would definitely file a divorce case once gets battered.Another pro-divorce person would be Alec Baluyot, a 1st year student of Mapua. For him, when the time comes where the intimacy and spark between a couple no longer exists, he will file a divorce. This would prevent more damages caused by the quarrels and fights of the couple, which would greatly give an impact to their children.At this time, the following are the scrutinizations made by the people whose stand on this matter is neutral.For John Roel Yerro, a freshman student of Ateneo de Manila University, his decision for this subject depends on the situation undergone by a couple. What is more important for him is the proper and efficient management of a relationship between couples.Another student from Ateneo, in the person of Benro Balaoing, stated his stand for this issue. According to him, nowadays, were in a situation where in what is needed are the security of life and the preservation of the honor and arrogance of each individual in our country. The children are the ones greatly affected by this issue. In addition to that, he said that instead of condemning a couple for making a wrong decision, he said that what is more important is the options we can provide for them to be freed out of such atrocious situations.As sh bear in this paper, people have different stands on divorce. In the end, though, the surefire way to avoid this tragic ending is cognisance awareness of yourself, awareness of your relationship, and awareness of the welfare of the children. As for me, I dont have my own firm stand right now. With that Im neither saying that Im exclusively opposing divorce nor approbating with it. Actually, Im somewhat in favor with the passing of the bill. Divorce would be auspicious for me when done in a complete and sys tematic way. With systematic and complete, I mean, all papers are reviewed well, the side of the both parties are well heard, in short, everything is analyzed stupendously. On the other hand, I would like, as much as possible, to prevent the filing of divorce cases. I honor the sanctity and holiness of marriage, and believe its lifetime prominence to a couple, thats why it should be preserved, maintained, and kept until the last speck of the couple.Prior to our realizeledge, the Philippines had been colonized by the Spaniards for approximately 300 years. For this reason, Catholicism, brought by these colonizers in our country, has a great square off to the state. The Filipino identity which is mostly explicit in this matter is their complete and pious devotion to the papist Catholic Church and its beliefs since Filipinos, as stated earlier, were greatly influenced by the religion brought by Spaniards. In view of the fact that the Catholic Church believes that marriage is a lifet ime partnership and commitment between couples, it can be said that the church does not concur with the concept of divorce. This may be proved by the absence of divorce here in the Philippines. scarce annulment is passed out in our country.The statements that I like the most areThe responses that I dislike areI like his statement because we have the uniform stand and it doesnt show any bias.I also favor this response because this answer is very eye catching plus its composition structure is superb.I dislike this for responses are irrelevant.Only God holds and knows our future.Marriage couldnt be dash with that reason and there is a bigger bechance that the children could be more affected when their parents are separated.I also dislike this because we, humans must know what is right and wrong.

Philosophy of Professional Nursing Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Professional Nursing EssayNursing as a employment includes a comprehensive strong set of principles, which should be understood and learned by each person, who decides to mold in this field. Nursing philosophy, in my opinion, is not merely a philosophy of carative process, but also proper(postnominal) view on the patient. The present paper is designed to cover my own approach to my profession and the connect beliefs.Nursing first and foremost refers to health misgiving, so the major value in this profession is health. I define this term as a state of physical, psychological and spiritual well-being. Individuals not always afford attention to their health, even though it substantially influences the quality of human life, so competent specialists are inevitable to help them understand the importance of health and lead them on their paths to positive exclusive and neighborly functioning.As a nurse, or health circumspection provided, I normally use Dunns a pproach to health as to maximum wellness, which can be described as integrated method of functioning which is point toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable inside the environment where he is functioning (Smerke, 1989, p. 154). Individuals tend to soak up in energy exchange with their environment and also render to achieve balance in this process, or simply adapt to the environment. Although individuals strive to achieve balance and maximum functional status, they also actively seek new experiences that may disturb their balance at least temporarily (Smerke, 1989, p. 155).This means, it is also important to learn with the roots of health dysfunctions such as lifestyle, habits, negative influences of the closest environment, job stress and so forrad I believe, each nurse is supposed to provide recommendations concerning the elimination or minimization of negative outer influences and the give outment of healthy lifestyle, which increases productivity and both physical and psychological balance.Thus, it is necessary to take a holistic approach to health (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), which would include both the satisfaction of health-related needs and attention to the patients individuality, as the final goal of nursing is the maximization of well-being. Speaking more or less the view on client within the philosophy of professional nursing, it is important to note that the patient is a human being who has dignity, worth and the decent to quality nursing care delivered with competence.The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the dignity and uniqueness of every individual with attention to the cultural and ethnic diversity of patients and their significant others (Smith, 1995, p. 11). Individuals operate in dissimilar environments, so antithetic issues big businessman influence their health. Attentive listening and compassion within the basic nursing care might throw off really therapeutic effects, which will appea r motivating to both nurse and health care service user.In addition, mutual understanding between the patient and the nurse are necessary to develop a true partnership in the relationship (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), this aspect especially relates to the work with children, who lots have fear of health services, hospitals and specialists in the corresponding uniform and thus refuse to cooperate. The respect for patients dignity includes non-judgmental approach to the clients lifestyle and cultural sensitivity.The nurse is not entitled to be a spiritual teacher, and should be tolerant enough to avoid accusing patients of their health problems, such professionals, as I believe, should rather inspire patients to develop healthy habits rather than demonstrating strong dissatisfaction. Nurses portion is not limited to the assistance in carrying out doctors orders, as they are often supposed to make their own decisions, as the number of unpredicted and unexpected situations is huge in the theater of operations of health care.I deem, nurses should also be advocates for patients, as they deal with service users much more intimately than doctors and thus are welcome to suggest certain changes in the process of health care and discuss them with therapists (for instance, therapists not always notice that patients also require professional psychological counseling, so nurse should not hesitate to talk about this situation).I believe, nurses should also provide counseling in health care and, being prepared for work in the globalized society, they should take into consideration the clients cultural emphasize and their personal values, through which it is easier to articulate the necessity of adherence to certain recommendations.Furthermore, globalization also determines the need for social activity among nurses, as wellness and well-being might be threatened by dissatisfactory bread and butter conditions like poverty, against which they are encouraged to act, creatin g unions and associations. Working in health care teams, nurses also act as managers and team leaders, with respect to their competencies and skills. In the modern society, nursing should rely upon the specialists professionalism, or the strength to use the skills, learned in the course of education, depending upon the situation.Professionalism also involves the responsibility for human life and health (Smith, 1993), as nurses often have much freedom in health services and thus should be elastic enough to apply the knowledge of various disciplines where they are relevant. I believe it is also necessary to rejuvenate and enrich the knowledge for his purpose, nursing includes the research of professional literature.To sum up, my own philosophy of nursing was actual to great extent owing to education (including self-training), as it was necessary to find out more about different approaches to health care and select the set of principles, with which I am completely consistent and to which I can adhere as a specialist. My philosophical views, as one can conclude, are comprehensive, as I take into consideration such issues as holism in health care, professional disturb with patients, nurses roles, multiculturalism and research.

Social Environmental Essay Example for Free

Social Environmental EssayThis paper expounds how tender behaviour is influenced by genial and environmental events by means of complex interplay of biopsychosocial dimension. Human buzz offs resilience that is constantly challenged by developmental contest to find eventual survival strategies. II. Introduction a. Society cultural influence on tender-hearted demeanour is an exposure whose products result from interplay between three dimensions the interaction regarding biological, psychological, and social perspective to look as a whole. b.Importance of bio-psychosocial dimensions in expounding on how human behavior is birthed and found on the fundamental belief of cause and effect analysis of societal control as a denominator to man behavioral exhibit. c. liveliness events are activities taking place in which man is inevitably a player and contributes greatly to the return of such events on the basis of behavioral character. We at that placefore, do find it so crit ical to analyze how this behavior is formed and the psychosocial dimensional influence on the pution.d. This paper shall step wisely touch the three prefatory dimensions with a view to identifying the key elements involved, the specific behavior exhibited and its impact of each in aboriginal and subsequent life. e. This paper reveals the dimension and aim at analyzing some resilience or behavioral adaptation veritable to live amidst many behavioral challenges. III. Biological Dimension a. This is the closest dimension where natural factors mix with the social environment to produce observable human behavior. i.The natural factors include ecological influence, genetic adaptability, and parental heritage of an individual. ii. This biological dimension affects personal and cognitive development through complex impulses which interact with other biological systems to determine an individuals reaction to social stimulus. b. During early life, body systems begin process of adaptatio nal response to develop a competitive survival mode for the present and future exposure. It is a propaedeutic stage of natural body system reaction to societal values and norms c.In later life, there is an existing involuntary response to ways of life in a way that disease develop when adapted response cannot interpret strange exposure IV. Psychological Dimension a. i. This dimension defines the characteristic of the headway and mental makeup resulting from societal life events on human behavior. ii. The key element here is the inter-subjectivity of humanitarian approaches that focuses on fundamental issues of life in the society. b. It forms basis for cognitive behavior, involuntary response, behavioral and reasoning in response to convergence of cognitive and formal lessons exposed to in life.c. i. According to Ericksons psychosocial developmental theory, early life involves negotiation of emotions with environmental culture and social events to balance eight psychosocial crise s. The successful completion of negotiation produces basic strength or basic virtual. The challenges of fitting in productively the crisis. ii. According to Erickosns and Freuds, this is the stage of total self awareness, improvement and development. Negatively, there is showcase of behavioral malignancies and maladaptation in late life with that challenge of absolute zero tolerance to re-orientation.V. Sociology a. The social dimension domain refers to characteristics of human beings regarding their interaction through collective co-existence in society. i. Key elements here are behavioral response to ones input, expectation to family relationships, cultural orientation, institutional educations, societal norms, rules and regulations. ii. Aspects of behavior affected by social life events are numerous. It form the complex indistinguishability for age and overall life stages in education, marriage etc. b. Awareness of educational need in early life and behavioral conformation to t his societal expectation.c. Awareness of several expectations in areas like marriage, and self guilt from perception of not belonging to societal identity, a feeling of rejection or being an outcast. VI. make do and Resilience for Survival. a. Coping with perpetual influence of environmental events conflict in developing the eventual human behavior is required to build up survival strategies. b. Through outcome of negative and positive experiences with capable rescue aid, the prevailing ones determine the ability of man to gain back any setback in development or formed the stability of overall behavioral display.c. In pursuit of survival, it is sufficed to theorize that human beings cope and maintain well-being through institutions with most acceptance of his developed behavior, be it spiritual or social support. VII. Conclusion a. The understanding of this three dimensional approach gives a holistic picture of intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors exhibited by man to exist. b. Human behavior is imprisoned by interplay of forces responding to natural, social and environmental events. there is yet no freedom for independent behavioral development if man must survive. VIII. Bibliography in APA formatErikson, Erik H. (1986). Childhood and Society. New York Norton. Erikson, Erik H. (1979). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York Int. Universities Press. Erikson, Erik H. (1968). Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York Norton,. Kendra van W. (n. d. ). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development. forthcoming at http//psychology. about. com/lr/psychosocial_development/5045/1/. 04/19/2009. Sheehy, Gail. (1976). Passages Predictable Crises of Adult Life. New York E. P. Dutton. Stevens, Richard. (1983). Erikson An Introduction. New York St. Martins. http//www. businessballs. com/maslow. htm

Fiji Water Essay Example for Free

Fiji Water EssayFIJI Water has recently been accused of greenwashing. Greenwashing is a circumstance that is used to describe companies that mislead their consumers into believing that they are an environmentally safe company. With the threat of global calefacient due to greenhouse gases, many people have become extremely sensitive to companies that arent doing their fictional character to keep the world a great place to live for thousands of years to come.This has caused problems for FIJI Water because their business is prospered only if they are able to attempt consumers to buy their water even though they arent an environmentally friendly company. Fiji, an island located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, has to ship bottled water 5,500 miles to the United States, which produces 216,000,000 pounds of greenhouse gases per trip. This has a huge impact on the environment and therefore has led to many conservationists attacks due to FIJI Waters claim to go carbon negative.F IJI Water promised to reduce their packaging by 20 percent per year, tally at least 50 percent of the energy used at its plants with renewable energy, optimized logistics and use more carbon-efficient transportations modes, restore degraded grasslands in Fiji, and support recycling programs for plastic bottles. They claimed that this would have a net drop-off of carbon in the atmosphere, and used the slogan every drop is green to symbolize that their company wasnt doing any harm to the environment.While they promised this and created a website to show that they were going carbon negative, there were no meter to prove that they actually accomplished what they intended to do. I completely agree with the conservationists that they are greenwashing because its seriously to believe that a company exporting 90 percent of their products to places that are thousands of miles away and emit a ton of greenhouse gases would be able to be carbon negative. Some companies dont get caught for their greenwashing, but when its completely obvious its hard to fool customers, especially conservationists.

Dupont Case Study Essay Example for Free

Dupont Case Study EssayTom Harris is the General Manager of Dupont, which is the major employer in their community. Big changes had taken place when the Orlon plant had closed down, but few changes had taken place. Projects such as getting rid of one operation and installing another was being seen as regular art so thither was no change management rubric.GM Harris went to the University of Virginia seeking advice from the academic community to work out some of the latest thinking in business to the Dupont plant. He specifically wanted to award his managers to invigorated ideas and how to apply those ideas to improving to the plant. He stated he was not looking to improve overall agreement effectiveness. He stated he was under increasing pressure to do more with less.A global bulletin was sent out to all employees stating the work culture that would be built. It stated that a proxy from University of Virginia would be spending time at the plant and had been asked to give new perspectives on the work being done and the organization as whole. The hope was that it would help bump people and continually improve production. The to the highest degree important goal was to help the staff appreciate and develop what goes right, assist in building on the strengths and to make the plant work better for everyone. It was also made clear that the representatives pre genius was not to suggest there was a particular problem, and the result is due to the plants desire to continuously improve.Over a six month time period interviews were conducted with workers and managers. Time was spent in the workplace and the representative learned about the twenty-four hour period to day activities at the plant. This produced a description of the shared stock of knowledge that organizational members used to encounter events and generate behavior. What was made explicit with that process was the local widely used everyday common sense model performance unique to the plant an d its atmosphere.A part of the culture that came out of this detail finding was that the local model of teamwork was organized around a southern stock-car racing metaphor. It was used to formulate teamwork and the pattern for accomplishing it. Everyone knew the metaphor, so it was understood.The General Manager and the other managers were surprised to learn of the NASCAR metaphor, but it explained why they had not recognized existing teamwork in the workplace for they had different vocabulary used for teamwork. This metaphor gave them a language to introduce change for improvement. It also illuminated of the local meaning of effective supervision, high performance, and what constituted a good day at the plant with making improvements. Managers were instructed to use the findings of the study. It was felt the new understanding could be used to interpret the local meaning of effective work to capitalize on strengths, to expand and develop existing good practices. This would also he lp to problem solve.It was found too that the findings of the study could also be used as a basis for experiements. There existed a Leadership Core Team who were instructed to introduce change as an experiment. It was to be explained that it was to be tried and watched closely, and if after a designated time it was not running(a) as planned, it can be stopped.

What Really Is Actor Network Theory Philosophy Essay

What Really Is Actor mesh topology Theory Philosophy studyIn the 1990s there was a war going on in science, or peradventure a few wars the so called Science Wars. From peerless side there were the postmodernists (better known as post-structuralists), on the other side there were the natural scientists. The war started, or better, culminated with an article, that was actually a hoax, published in the journal mixer Text, one of the most notorious postmodernist journals. The article/hoax entitled Transgressing the boundaries Towards a trans reachative hermeneutics of quantum gravity was written by the physicist Alan Sokal (1996), and its purpose was to show to the world how stupid and meaningless was/is the postmodernist breakeavour in the studies of science. The full-length article was made up just by meaningless phrases that sounded postmodern ( crack Sokal 2008 the blameless Part I). After the revelation of the hoax Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont wrote a bulk entitled Fash ionable Nonsense. postmodern Intellectuals Abuse of Science1 (1998) in which they bombed the consentaneous French post-structuralist scene, and a little bit more than(prenominal). In a nutshell, they showed that most of the French post-structuralists and other close-to-post-structuralism philosophers hadnt had really a clue ab off science, and that most of their theories come a bureau of ignorance of the knowledge domains they were/ ar writing virtually.One of the fashionable guys attacked in Fashionable Nonsense was Bruno Latour (92-99, 124-1332), the major exercise of Actor-Network Theory (from now on ANT). He was attacked mainly for displace extreme amicable constructivism in favorable sciences and sciences all together. Basically, Latour supported the thesis that there argonnt scientific facts but just the social construction of scientific facts as was a fashion of the strong program in the sociology of science3. Hor instance, he employ, no more no less, Einsteins theory of relativity to explain how scientific knowledge is socially constructed, but it seems he didnt really understand Einsteins theory. Latour has lately (2004) changed a little bit his mind about the extreme constructivist positions, maybe because he has seen that his positions really helped not sociology but the political and religious conservative and far right in pushing their ideas about inceptionism, global warming and similar issues. He even asked himself was he wrong to participate in the ruse of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we express? Why does it burn my tongue to say that global warming is a fact whether you resembling it or not? Why back tootht I simply say that the argument is closed of for ethical? (2004227). This regress isnt that new. As Gross and Levitt4noted (199859), Latour is aways ready to recast and, in effect, retract what he previously said. In other contexts he will, with an app arent ly straight face, admit that there is a natural universe out there and that scientific theories are shaped by it in important ways. Simultaneously, he will jaw rigorously the dogmatics of strict cultural constructivism. Just as he pictures (literally) the mind-set of science as a Janus-faced dualist, he too is constantly springing from one side of a dichotomy to the other.Bruno Latour, even though he, as we have seen, did repent for the consequences that his and other strong program theorists work provoked, in 2005 wrote an introductory book on ANT Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. In that book he tried to explain again the whole ANT story, but not that well, in my opinion5. In the following lines Ill try to explain, more or less, what ANT is or should be, not just based on the mentioned book, but similarly on various articles on ANT that can be retrieved on the Internet and other books and journals.ANT seems to be a particular or distinctive set a bout to social theory and look into which has its origins in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), mostly lifted by Michel Callon, Bruno Latour and John Law. In the last twenty days ANT has been used as a tool for research in fields such as organizational analysis (for ex. Cochoy 2009), informatics (for ex. McInerney 2009), health studies (for ex. Dent 2003), geography (for ex. Smith 2003), sociology, anthropology, feminist studies and economics (for ex. Jones 2008).already the title of the theory is very problematic. Bruno Latour states in his book (20059) that the historical name is agent- meshwork-theory, a name that is so awkward, so confusing, so meaningless that it deserves to be kept. Every part of the ANT is questionable. Its not really about actors in a classic sociological sense, the communicate part is misleading (see Latour 1998) because it doesnt refer to the concept of network as in Social Network Analysis or electronic networks6, and it is not reall y a theory in the classic sense, it can be reckoned as a set of theories which have similar characteristics. As a turn outnce of fact, he admits that he was ready to drop this label for more exposit ones uniform sociology of translation, actant-rhyzome ontology, sociology of innovation, and so on . (20059).How so we can recognize a theory that belongs to the ANT family? Latour puts ship three tests in order to do that (200510-11)One of them is the precise role granted to non valets. They have to be actors and not simply the hapless bearers of symbolic projection. Any study that gives non-humans a type of agency that is more sluttish than the traditional natural causality but more efficient than the symbolic one can be part of ANT corpus, even though some authors would not wish to be affiliated in any way with this approach.(10).Another test is to check which direction the explanation is going in. If the social remains stable and is used to explain a state of affairs, i ts not ANT. (10)A third and more difficult test would be to check whether a study aims at reassembling the social or still insists on dispersion and deconstruction. Dispersion, destruction, and reconstructive memory are not the goals to be achieved as in postmodern theories, but what needs to be overcome. Its much more important to check what are the new institutions, procedures, and concepts able to collect and reconnect the social . (11).We can see that Latour is very vague, and it seems he wants to be like that. In short we can say that in ANT humans, nonhumans and lyric poem are all on the same level. They all together form a network of actors that form the world. He uses and criticizes very often the concept social, many metres as opposed to the concept associations. Social is for him a concept that many sociologists use as a name for a material the bon ton is made of (20051), or some glue of society. But thats wrong, because there isnt something social, there are associatio ns among heterogenous elements (20055). Thus, social, for ANT, is the name of a type of momentary association which is characterized by the way it gathers together into new shapes. (200565). In my opinion this is not that groundbreaking. Well, the association of humans and nonhumans might be a little bit gothic (or Im too positivist and backwarded), but the idea of not using concepts as social forces and similar lightlessness magic (or as Latour would call, as we shell see, grim boxes) terms is present in sociology much longitudinal than ANT. For example we can check Howard S. Becker (2007) where he explains the errors of using vague concepts as social forces, etc So, interactionists (try to) explain already very well what people do and how they create everyday life, without going into exotic theories that are not that clear even to their main representatives.ANT is considered sometimes a method and sometimes a theory. Anti-essentialism informs both the conceptual frame used f or interpretation and guides the processes through which networks are examined. (Ritzer 20042). in that location are three methodological principles in ANTagnosticism. We should abandon any a priori assumptions of the nature of networks, causal conditions, or the accuracy of actants accounts (Ritzer 20042). There should be impartiality from our side. This principle reminds us about Grounded Theory methodology with the added value of impartiality towards objects that are not humans.generalized symmetry. Everybody in a network is the same computers and programmers, clerks and computer networks Basically we should dissect everything alleviate association. there shouldnt be any distinction between natural and social phenomena.The ANT methodology is usually ethnographic. To be precise they often use the case study method. They use to spend time like anthropologists, but not in forests, and other places typical for anthropological research, but in laboratories with scientists. ANT schol ars also study inscriptions, a phrase which refers to all texts and communications in all media (Garson 2008).Let us see which are the central concepts of ANT. I will use secondary analyses of ANT by Felix Stalder and David Garson. Here are the main conceptsActors entities that do things (Latour, 1992a, p. 241, as cited in Stalder 1998), no matter whether they are humans or any kind of nonhumans. Some authors use actors for humans and actants for other separate/ system elements of the network (Garson 2008)7. The distinction between humans and non-humans, embodied or disembodied skills, impersonation or machination, are less interesting than the finish chain along which competences and actions are distributed. (Latour, 1992a, p.243, as cited in Stalder 1998) An actor is an actant endowed with a character. (Akrich, Latour, 1992, p.259 as cited by Stalder).In Ritzer (20041) we can find that the volitional actor for ANT, termed actant, is any agent, collective or individual, that can associate or disassociate with other agents. Actants enter into networked associations, which in turn define them, name them, and provide them with substance, action, intention, and subjectivity. In other words, actants are considered foundationally indeterminate, with no a priori substance or essence, and it is via the networks in which they associate that actants derive their nature.Network the network is defined as a group of unspecified relationships among entities of which the nature itself is undetermined. (Callon, 1993, p.263 as cited in Stalder 1998). The inclusive character of this definition becomes more evident when contrasted with one of the conventional sociological definitions of network where a social network consists of a finite set or sets of actors and the relation or relations defined on them (Wasserman, Faust, 1994, p.20 as cited in Stalder). An actor-network is not restricted to social actors, not even to actors in the theorys broader sense.There is no struct ural difference between large and small actors, between a major institution or a single individual or even a thing as mundane as a door opener (Latour, 1992 as cited by Stalder 1998).Black Box simply put, a glowering box contains a sealed network of people and things. But lets see what ANTers say A black box contains that which no longer needs to be considered, those things whose contents have become a matter of indifference. (Callon, Latour, 1981 p.285 as cited in Stalder 1998). A black box, therefore, is any setting that, no matter how complex it is or how contested its history has been, is now so stable and certain that it can be treated as a fact where only the input and output counts. (Stalder 1998). For example, all the concepts in sociology as social forces, etc are black boxes. Cars are black boxes because we can drive them even though we dont know how are they built. The more it costs to reopen a black box, the more it will be stable. Its not just a matter of the black b ox, but also of the environment in which it is settled (well, everything is in the network).At the end of the day it seems that ANT became a black box too, because it became a fixed center or necessary point of passage by the mid-1990s (Ritzer 20043).Other important concepts arePunctualisation a concept that means that the whole actor-network is greater than the sum of its constituent parts. As networks build, synergistic capabilities are enabled as networks fall apart, de-punctualisation refers to the collapse of networked capabilities as individual components struggle to pursue their individual goals separately. (Garson 2008).Tokens are the quasi-objects created through the synergy of network punctualisation. (Garson 2008). The constant creation of tokens reifies a network, when they stop organism reproduced the network breaks down, or, there is de-punctualization.Translation is the process of forming a network. This process occurs in the four following moments or steps (Garson 2 008)Problematisation defines the problem and the set of relevant actors who become indispensableInteressement pristine actor(s) parent other actors to assume roles in the network, roles which recognize the centrality of the particular actors own roleEnrolment roles are defined and actors formally accept and take on these rolesMobilisation primary actors assume a voice role for passive network actors (agents) and seek to mobilize them to action.Translation is really a negotiation among human actors and representatives of material actants.Stories The complex process of translation which forms a network also occasions some actors to emerge as spokespersons, articulating the views and wishes of other silent actors in the network.Negotiation in the translation process is marked byObligatory points of passage (OPP) they are critical network channels often designed by the primary actor to ensure that communication must pass through his or her domain. In this way the actor becomes funct ionally indispensable to the networkCooptation it is a subprocess by which actants seek to have their individual objectives become concur to by other actants as part of defining network objectives. Actors advance favored goals and solutions, then recruit other actors to be allies in the process of forming commitments to emerging networks. (Garson 2008).Translation model of power it is a term for viewing power as a relation emerging bottom-up rather than compel top-down. Those who hold power in principle may not hold power in trust as the latter requires the ability to define, create, and stabilize networks of actors motivated to work in conjunction to accomplish a task. That is, power is seen as a consequence of convincing, enrolling, and other network-building activities. (Garson 2008). This concept reminds a lot the foucaultian concept of microphysics of power.Black-boxing it is a subprocess by which the network becomes more simple by treating subnetworks as single elements in an actor-networkIrreversibility is achieved by an actor-network when it is no longer possible to return to an earlier network state or to alternatives present prior to the networkNetwork instability. Actor-networks are in a continual state of becoming, including possible dissolution. Networks demand continual precaution or orderIn my opinion all the concepts are vague, probably intentionally. I really oppugn if the whole theory and its concepts could have been explained in a more simple way, and I wonder wherefore is it always like that in post-structuralism (I know, this is an ad hominem mistake)?ANT was often criticized for being managerialist, for emphasizing Nietzschean mastery, as Machiavellian, for colonizing the other, for being antihumanist, and for representing the powerful. (Ritzer 20043). I would add that the founders of ANT write pretty much in an elitist and unclear way. It sounds more like poetry or showing off with strange PoMo-style phrases difficult to understand . I got used to that with Baudrillard, Lyotard, etc But what can we do with it in everyday life? We cannot stop natural scientists to laugh about ANT mumbojumbo for sure.I would say that ANT as a research methodology experiences nothing new, or nothing newer than the good old methodology of case study, the grounded theory methodology (Glaser/Strauss 2008) or ethnomethodology on which ANT is partially based. As an explanation for what is really going on it is still a safe bet to stick with interactionist theories from one side, and on the other side, we should use more explanatory theories based on strict field research and model building. For that is handy the analytical sociology approach developed, among others, by Peter Hedstroem (see Hedstroem 2005).With the analytical sociology approach we could finally develop more core knowledge which is feeble in sociology (see Cole 1994) but nevertheless it exists (see Collins 1989) and pay the research frontier to a few artists. Analyt ical sociology seeks to explain complex social processes by carefuly dissecting them and then bringing into focus their most important costituent components. It is an approach that seeks precise, abstract, realistic and action-based explanations for various social phenomena. (Hedstroem 20051). So, in the analytical approach we have to explain social phenomena, not just describe it as most constant of gravitation social theories do. We have to dissect the social phenomena to its smallest parts and then abstract the most important parts and build a model. In doing that we must be precise and clear. If it is not perfectly clear what a given theory or theorist is trying to say, how can we then possibly understand and esteem the potential merits of the theory being send offd? (Hedstroem 20053-4), asks Peter Hedstroem, and as an example of unclear theory he takes a French (who else could he take?) sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and his definition of habitus (20054).I agree with Hedstrom that social theories should be based on the construction of models, or explaining social mechanisms, and a social mechanism is a contour of entities and activities that are linked to one another in such a way that they regularly bring about a particular type of outcome (Hedstroem 200510).To conclude, I think that ANT is maybe an approach that could have a major success in the future when there will come the time people will understand French philosophy much better8, until then I propose to stick with more positivist approaches that can actually really explain why things happen.