Globalization: Indigenous Peoples and World

Globalization is the process in which the world becomes connected through communication, trade, and migration. Globalization can transform cultures and the identity of people within those cultures. One of the primary factors that leads to globalization in the advancement of technology In 1980 Dr. Knauft began to study an indigenous group of people deep in the forests of Papua New Guinea. This group of people had no contact with the outside world until the 1960’s, they were cut off from everything. They had a language and a name that was unknown to Anthropologists at the time. They were virtually invisible to the outside world. When Dr. Knauft arrived he met the Gebusi people, and began his study. He watched as they preformed ritual dances and wore traditional costumes. The Gebusi people lived their lives according to tradition and beliefs and were not affected by the outside world. The truth is no one can hide from globalization, not even the secluded Gebusi people. With in a matter of only 18 years they were transformed, most of them willingly converted to Christian beliefs, and they became focused on politics, economics, religion and nationalism. They were caught up to speed with the rest of the world due to globalization. The culture of the Gebusi people and their identity was drastically changed due to globalization. They were now on the same page as the rest of the world, and were now connected with the outside world. Trade organized groups such as NAFTA and the WTO make globalization easier to obtain for the smaller â€Å"developing† countries. For the countries that are a part of these groups goods, and ideas are much easier to share. With groups such as these and other factors globalization is inevitable so there is no sense in fighting it. If it were embraced rather then rejected everyone would be much better off. I understand that it can interfere with older cultures and traditions of developing countries, but it’s eat or be eaten in today’s world and you need to do what you need to do in order to compete with other countries and to survive within your own. Globalization exposes who ever it effects to a variety of new and different opportunities that must be taken in order for that group to survive. It can be compared to having to evolve, or becoming extinct. A lot of people see globalization as a bad thing, but its essential for survival in today’s world, and with out it we would be totally secluded from the rest of the world and that would just make everything extremely hard. It also helps keep the world balanced with power. Without globalization one country, or one group of people could easily be way ahead of others, and that could lead to wars and many other conflicts. The positives of globalization strongly out weigh the negatives and I’m not sure why anybody would be against it.

Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur

Question 1 1. 1. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the role of communication in creatinga sustainable positive atmosphere in your classroom. Communication is the transmission of an idea by someone, thesender, and the understanding thereof by another, the receiver. Communication is important to the success of any relationship,without it the relationship is doomed to fail. In order to increase thequality of the relationship the communication needs to be effective.Effective communication between the educator and the learners Inhis/her class is essential in order to create and maintain a positiveatmosphere in the classroom. 1. 2. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the importance of establishingpositive educator-learner relationships in the creation of a sustainablepositive atmosphere in your classroom. A positive educator-learner relationship is important as it enablesboth the educator and the learners to risk being honest with eachother, care about each other, it promotes inter dependence, ensuresmutual needs are met and allows each individual to develop their  own individuality.The creation of the above leads to trust between the educator andlearners and as such will result in a positive classroom atmosphere. Creating a good educator-learner relationship involves the following(Coetzee 2010:87): ? Creating open, professionally appropriate dialogue with learners. ?  Ã‚  Systematically building better relationships with learners. ?  Ã‚  Maintaining a high rate of positive to negative statements. ?  Ã‚  Communicating high expectations. ?  Ã‚  Creating opportunities for personal discussion.Guidelines that can be used to avoid the negative effects of educator  expectations are as follows (Coetzee 2010:87): †¢ Use sensitive information on learners carefully. †¢    Be flexible in your use of group strategies. Be careful how you respond to low-achieving learners duringclass discussions. ? Use materials that show a wide range of ethnic group s. Be fair inyour evaluation and disciplinary procedures. ? Communicate to all learners that you believe that they can learn. ? Involve all learners in learning tasks and privileges. ? Monitor your non-verbal communication. . 3. Discuss how you would promote learner participation in a multiculturalclassroom by creating a learning environment that supports socialising andintercultural interaction . ? I would first read through all the learning materials for that givensubject in order to determine if there is any aspect of the work or  activities which may be culturally insensitive to any of thelearners in the class. ? I am aware that cognitive learning styles are culturally dependentand therefore will use a variety of teaching styles, methods andstrategies in my teaching of the class. ?In order for the learners to participate and actively cooperate witheach other it is necessary to be aware of any instances of  cultural insensitivity immediately and take action, a way to avoidthe se situations, I could allow those members of differentcultures to explain about certain aspects of their culture to theother members of the class. This way I as the educator and theclass will learn about other cultures. ? I expect all the learners in my class to achieve to the best of their  ability as all people are able to learn provided they put in the timeand effort to do so.I am also aware that the academic andlearning ability of learners differ, so they at the beginning of theacademic year are required to set their own personal goals whichthey then work towards. These goals set are at levels slightlyabove what each learner believes they can achieve in order tochallenge them. When checking work done in activities the class needs to assistthe learner who is answering the specific question if they makean error in order to correct it, if they are unable to detect or  correct the error, I as the educator assist in guiding them to thecorrect answer. Question 2 2. 1.Name five wa ys in which educators can improve learner motivation in theclassroom . a) Make the learning task more challenging. b) Place less emphasis on teaching and grades. c) Move from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation. d) Have high expectations of each learner. e) Increase the learners ¶ perception that they control the learningsituation. 2. 2. Draw up the following of a classroom policy: 2. 2. 1. Aims and objectives of our class . Class Aims: To achieve our academic and intellectual potential through hardwork as a cooperative group, while promoting the acceptance of  others and respect for others.Individual Objectives: Each individual sets their own goals to achieve at the end of theyear (long-term) in order to contribute to the overall class aim. In order to achieve their own end of year goals the learners setshorter term goals in order to assist them in achieving their long-term goals. 2. 2. 2. Rules for our classroom . 1) We must respect ourselves, others and the educator. 2) We must be on time. 3) We must enter the class quietly, and get ready to work. 4) We need to bring all our stationary and books to class. 5) We must raise our hands to ask questions in class. ) We must not eat nor drink in class7) We must never disrupt another learner ¶s work. 8) We don ¶t leave litter on the floor, we put it in the bin. 2. 2. 3. Task division . Educator: ? Always prepared and punctual. ? Provide assistance to learners. ? Manage the classroom appropriately. ? Discipline learners fairlyLearners: ? Ensure all work is completed on time. ? Maintain a clean learning environment. ? Respect one another. ? Make sure all learning materials are brought to class. 2. 3. Define the following concepts: 2. 3. 1. L eadership The ability of an individual to influence other individuals or a groupto achieve goals. 2. 3. 2. C ntrol Assessment of work done and where necessary to realign andcorrect work done which is incorrect or not up to standard. 2. 3. 3. I ntrinsic motivation An inner d esire to be successful at a certain task (self-motivation) 2. 3. 4 . C ommunication The transmission of an idea by someone, the sender, and theunderstanding thereof by another. Communication can be verbal or  non-verbal. 2. 3. 5 . Co-operative learning A team approach to learning where each member of the group isdependent on the other members to accomplish a specific learningtask on an assignment. 2. 4 . Describe the autocratic and democratic styles of classroom management .Autocratic leadership style: Autocratic leadership is an educator-centred approach to theclassroom which is characterised by the strong leadership role of theeducator. The main focus of this type of leadership is on thecompletion of tasks and the learners ¶ ability to listen, work and do. Theadvantages of this type of leadership include the promotion of goodorder and an established routine in which some learners feel moresecure. The drawbacks of this type of leadership include one-waycommunication, rigid disc ipline, passive learner participation, a morereserved and unapproachable educator and little room for creativethinking.Democratic leadership style: This leadership style is characterised by educators that have goodsubject knowledge, who are good natured, helpful, fair, and warm. Educators who practice this management style encourage learner  participation. The advantages of this type of leadership include learner  confidence to participate in classroom activities, a relaxed positiveatmosphere and learners constantly being involved in learningactivities. 2. 5 . Explain how a message is conveyed by referring to the communication processmodel . In order for there to be communication there first needs to be apurpose for communication or a message to be conveyed.Thismessage is then encoded by the sender and passed onto the receiver  via a communication medium. The message is then decoded by thereceiver. This results in a transfer of meaning from the sender to thereceiver, who then may give feedback back to the sender. Question 3  µ A delict is an unlawful, culpable (intentional or negligent) act (or omission)committed by a person, which infringes the rights of another or causes himor her harm.  ¶ (Coetzee 2010:188) ? To constitute delict, one person must have caused harm or damage to another byhis or her action or conduct .The conduct must be voluntary human action and maybe either a positive action or an omission .  µ In terms of this element of delictual liability the school can be held liable asthey failed to remove the piece of steel or at least clearly demarcate thearea around the piece of steel, in order to make people aware of it. Thecoach, knowing that there is a possibility that players could fall during thewarm up due to the nature of the sport, could also be held responsible asthe teams were responsible for choosing a warm up area and the coachshould as such have checked the area for any objects that could causeharm to team members. The act w hich causes harm must be wrongful, that is, it must be legallyreprehensible or unreasonable in terms of the legal convictions of the community . To test for unlawfulness, the boni mores principle is applied . The question here iswhether the harm caused was unjustified in the circumstances . I n the absence of  wrongfulness a defendant may not be held liable .  µ The school can be held liable as they should have taken all precautions tohelp to prevent an injury of this nature to any person on their schoolgrounds.Knowing that they were hosting a basketball tournament theyshould have removed any objects that could cause injuries to any playersor clearly demarcate the areas where there could be concerns over theplayer ¶s safety. The coach in being responsible for the safety of his teamshould have thoroughly inspected the area chosen for the warm up for anydangerous objects. ? The act must be the result of fault in the form of intent (d  olus) or negligence(culpa) . Fault refers to blameworthy attitude or conduct of someone who has actedwrongfully .  µThe coach of the team was negligent as he should have inspected thearea for any danger to the players, if he had done so he would have seenthe piece of steel and then either have chosen a different warm up area or  at least warn the players to either avoid that area or be careful around it. The school could be seen to be negligent for failure to remove the piece of  steel or clearly demarcate the area around the piece of school. ? There is a casual relationship between the conduct of the perpetrator and the harmsuffered by the victim . I general, it should be shown that the person ·s injury didresult from the actions of the person charged with negligence . I n other words, theremust be a clear casual relationship between the act and the injury . A person cannotbe held liable if he or she has not caused any damage .  µ The school ¶s negligence in not removing the piece of steel or demarcatingthe are a around it resulted in the injury to the player, as such they can beheld liable. The coach for not thoroughly inspecting the area in which theplayers would warm up could also be held liable. ?A delict is a wrongful and culpable act which has harmful consequences . Damagesin the form of patrimonial loss or non-patrimonial loss must be present . There mustbe a connection between the negligent conduct and the injury (physical or mental ) . To receive an award for damages, a plaintiff must have suffered an injury as a resultof the defendant ·s negligent conduct . The plaintiff must prove that some damageoccurred . Although the injury or damage does not need to be substantial for anaward to be ordered, the injury must be real rather than be imagined .The courts aregenerally reluctant to award damages where there is not some form of injury .  µ Damages are present which are due to the negligent conduct on the partof the school, not removing the piece of steel or demarcating the areas urrounding the piece of steel, and coach, for not thoroughly inspectingthe area on which his players will be using to warm up. Contributory fault is where a learner does not show the degree of carenormally expected form someone of his or her age, knowledge andexperience.If this is present the educator will not be solely liable for anydamages resulting from an injury by his or her act. In the case in question,if the basketball tournament is for a junior age group (ie. under 15 ¶s) or asenior age group (ie. under 18 ¶s) will determine if there is contributory faulton the part of the learner ¶s. Under 18 learners ¶ can reasonably beexpected to be responsible enough to check themselves for any danger onthe warm up area chosen. Whereas the under 15 learners ¶ cannotreasonably be expected to check for any danger.

Marketing report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing report - Essay Example is to serve the telecommunication needs of the customers, it is imperative that a wired headset and a microphone is provided to the customers in the packet with the phone, but a wireless Bluetooth device should also be made available at an affordable price because people prefer to go wireless while they are travelling and so on. Since the Smartphone Shocker also has the JOLT technology built in with it, it should also develop a travel charger, even though the JOLT technology has its own charging up device, people would want to keep their cell phones charged all the time and since while travelling phones are idle, the travel charger would make sure that people are able to charge their phones and keep their batteries powered up so that they never have to miss a call or message due to a dead battery. Another accessory which is very important for cell phone users these days is the data cable which enables them to directly link their personal computers to their phones, though phones can also be connected through Bluetooth technology but a data cable is much more secure than the Bluetooth and enables customers to perform many more functions than the Bluetooth technology does, hence a data cable should also be included with the cell phone in the package. The data cable can also be used to charge the phone through the personal computer, so where sockets are not easily available, customers can just plug their phone into their laptops and charge the phone. Since the Smartphone Shocker has a media player and it can also serve as a music player for its customers, a dock station could also be developed for the consumers, this would enable the customers to connect their phone to the dock station and the dock station would have speakers on which customers can listen to their favorite music while their phone is being charged. To customers it is all about convenience and the availability of options, the more convenient a device is or the more options that they have through

Arthistory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arthistory Paper - Essay Example Examples of oppositional dressing include punks, zoot suits and clothing that were made of skinheads. In most cases, they did arise where there was oppression and ill-treatment of the masses by the dominant groups. A practical case and instance is the zoot suits which was worn by the servicemen of African-American origin in protest to the white domination and racial discrimination. Similarly, people who lived in similar locality and geographical region had their social destiny bound together. Thus, in any case there was any change and shift from the popular culture, then people in same area moved together in that respect. For instance, when fabrics and puinks hit the ghettos, it was the in thing and every person who wanted to show solidarity with the masses blended with the culture. In retrospect, oppositional dressing relates to subculture in that, it was part of a behavioral or sectoral pattern of behavior within the large cultural spectrum. This is to say that the people who blended with the opposition dress shared similar culture, and the oppositional dress code that they adopted was just a part of the culture in terms of dressing. The term, notion and concept of dandyism refers to a culture where a human being places a lot of attention and weight on the physical and outward appearance. This is to say that the person would take a lot of time and resources to ensure that he or she appears nonchalant at the very least. In most instances and cases, dandyism was a cloud word used to discuss how the men stressed on their masculine principles to try to imitate the aristocrats. This is to say that a man would use refined language, often engage in leisure activities which are conventionally regarded as royal or aristocratic. In the period of the early 19th century, a dandy was a person who was self-made and strived hard to fit into the highest class of the society, (Wilson, 112). This was done regardless of the

Business synoptic - Nestle( case study& Questions) Essay

Business synoptic - Nestle( case study& Questions) - Essay Example Having recognized emerging markets and popularly positioned products as one the key growth drivers, the company’s management has developed a well-grounded strategy, focusing on absolutely new customer segments (Van Dijk and Cantarell, 2010). Obviously, while developing the company’s growth strategy, Nestle’s management team relied heavily on the global market trends and development tendencies. Developed markets were already saturated with the Nestle’s products, and did not present such great growth opportunities as the emerging markets did. Additionally, the large Western European and North American markets became mature; population growth in some countries had stagnated and in some countries there had been a small decline in food consumption (Case study, n.d.). It was evident that the declines in consumer spending and retail sales did not fit to the Nestle’s growth objectives. In response to these challenges, Nestle has made â€Å"a move of the kn ight† by focusing on emerging markets. As it has been already mentioned, developing markets represented great opportunities for multinational companies, such as Nestle. In order to receive evidence that the Nestle’s growth strategy to expand globally to emerging markets was rationally planned, let us take a brief look at the recent global trends and forecasts. According to the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the emerging markets comprise about 82% of global population (Van Dijk and Cantarell, 2010). Considering the forecasts of the Population Division, the amount of new emerging consumers will increase by 1 billion in the next 10 years (Van Dijk and Cantarell, 2010). Unlike most developed markets, GDP in emerging markets is expected to continue to grow, and populations in many emerging countries are younger, increasingly urban and showing a growing interest in modern retail formats (Food Industry of India, 2010). Urban growth rates are expected to be: moderate in Latin America, North America and Oceania; the most rapid in Southeast Asia and China; and the slowest in East Asia (Rajagopal, 2007, p.72). All these demographic changes will likely have more profound long-term implications for the food system of the country (Rajagopal, 2007, p.72). Thus, the Nestle’s growth strategy pursues long-term perspectives that promise unbelievable growth and sales. According to the World Bank forecasts, the economies in Indonesia, China, Malaysia, India and Thailand are expected to grow quickly in the next few years, the number of people with more than $3,000 in annual income is set to rise more than 40% between 2008 and 2018 (Mijuk, 2010). Consequently, higher incomes of emerging customers will allow them to buy the products, produced by the global food leader (here Nestle). For Nestle it means that the company will be able to sell its products to much larger amount of customers and t o satisfy their modern needs and wants. Therefore, the Nestle’s focus on its growth efforts on emerging markets really does make sense. However, this strategy would make little sense, if Nestle failed to develop appropriate entry strategy to maximize the opportunities and to ignore the threats each emerging market represents. In spite of various legal, economic, environmental restrictions in certain emerging

3A-Business Preparedness Plan Report #intro only Essay

3A-Business Preparedness Plan Report #intro only - Essay Example In order to safe-guard the organization against future hazards, this report illustrates to the management major problems that will be faced by Toronto Aquarium in case of any further oil-spill. These include exposure of aquarium’s animals and fishes to lethal effects of oil-spill, contamination of drinking water flows, and oil, itself being highly flammable which presents a huge safety hazard for the public. Moreover, in case of such disaster, company will be forced to experience complete business shut-down. The report progresses in proposing a Business Preparedness Plan with tools handling hazard-specific impacts. It will explain in detail, through a model preparation plan, effective ways to tackle future spills or leaks, preventing disasters and plans to recover departments, staff and people who may get affected after a substantial loss. These include handling emergency shifting of animals and fishes during crisis via effective transportation system, assessment of the costs involved in this process, raising admission fee to increase overall company funds, training employees to shut-down the water pipes during oil-spill disaster to avoid contamination, planning for steps to raise public awareness regarding preserving environment and company’s policy of no-smoking in the aquarium and lastly implementation of these

Government Intervention In Resolving Economic Issues Term Paper

Government Intervention In Resolving Economic Issues - Term Paper Example Inflation is a state of an economy in which the value of money is falling i.e. prices are rising. Normally, the rate of inflation i.e. increase in average prices level is measured with the help of price index or GDP deflator. Cost of living is increased, when inflation increases. These are simply directly proportional to each other. This situation badly affects the labor class i.e. the lower class of the country. They have scared financial resources and lots of financial problems to deal with. Increase in street crimes is also one of the problems created by inflation directly. When people have a burden of problems and frustration due to less financial resources but increasing prices, they jump into the street crimes to fulfill their needs. Inequality in Income Distribution is also part of economic diseases born by inflation. Here, the rich become richer and the poor become poorer. An abnormal unbalance is created in society. This may lead to further social and economic problems in the country. A decrease in savings also incurs when inflation is an increasing trend. People will spend all that they will earn and saving no penny for a tough time. The rate of interest will also increase due to an increase in inflations.

My Learning Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Learning Experience - Essay Example Much attention is paid to the fact, that the enterprises which implement corporate social support achieve bigger dividends than those who are not attentive to this side of the public activity. Due to these facts, corporate social responsibility achieved much popularity for the last years and is widely practiced by both the authorities and workers. The next point of my analysis is the division of the article into several parts. My article contains the description of three main parts: the process of implementation of corporate social responsibility, the examples of companies which support this process, the participation of public authorities in it. After the division of the article into three main parts, I do the thorough analysis of each of them. The process of implementation of corporate social responsibility depends on the level of activity and imagination of the enterprise. The actions of the members of the team and working staff constitute fifty percent of the success. Thus, the main task of corporate social responsibility is to provide the comfortable working and living conditions for those who are involved in the functioning of the enterprise and their investments in the outdoor problems. Volunteering is one of the best ways to help others and raise the prestige of the company. For this reason, a lot of employees think over such strategies as education and knowledge (assistance to local school children with literacy), investments into the projects of environmental protection, providing child obesity charity, employment packages, free language workshops, and so forth. The ethical attendance of the members of the enterprises into these projects provides them high popularity among the customers and good relations with the m. Further on, I concentrate my attention on the second point of my plan - the examples of companies, which support corporate social responsibility.

J. M. Synges Riders to the Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

J. M. Synges Riders to the Sea - Essay Example In fact, Synge’s one act drama has all the essential traits of a drama such as plot, character, conflict, action, dialogue, etc. But a tragic drama or a tragedy, Synge’s work does not fulfill Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. Synge’s one-act tragedy is essentially the tragedy of common man. Therefore though it does not deal with the downfall of a character of noble status, its story holds a serious and tragic theme. Synge’s work imitates the lives of the people of Aran Islands, more universally speaking, the tragedy of the life of seafaring people, through the life of an elderly domestic woman, Maurya. Through Maurya’s actions and dialogue with her daughters, Cathleen and Nora, her son, Bartley, and the Priest, Synge’s audience learns that the heroine is, both directly and indirectly, in conflict with her destiny and the sea. The descriptions of the characters’ actions are simple mimicries of daily activities, such as â€Å"Ma urya drops Michael's clothes across Bartley's feet, and sprinkles the Holy Water over him†, â€Å"Cathleen and Nora kneel at the other end of the table†, etc. Maurya’s helplessness in front of the cruel smile of fate or destiny becomes evident in the following line, in which the audience can see a destitute and lonely woman who, having lost all of her sons except Bartley and male relatives, is failingly attempting to prevent Bartley from going to Connemara because of some unknown fear of losing him in the sea: â€Å"He won't go this day with the wind rising from the south and west†¦for the young priest will stop him surely† (Synge). In this speech of Maurya, the audience is informed for the first time that this lonely and elderly lady is hardly heard off by her youngest son, Bartley. Also the mild conflict between Maurya and her son is revealed indirectly. Later the audience can view Bartley to act in conflict his old mother. When Maurya warns Bartley not to touch the rope, saying, â€Å"You'd do right to leave that rope, Bartley, hanging by the boards†, he does not pay heed to her and takes the rope. Later on, Maurya’s conflict with the sea as well as with her destiny is revealed in the drama, as the audience watches her saying: â€Å"They're all gone now, and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me† (Riders to the Sea). Also in its remote sense, Aristotle’s concept of music can be applied to Synge’s works. â€Å"Riders to the Sea† is fraught with expressions that are all musical, rhythmic and poetic. One from a number of such expressions is as following: â€Å"If it wasn't found itself, that wind is raising the sea, and there was a star up against the moon, and it rising in the night†¦what is the price of a thousand horses against a son where there is one son only?† (Riders to the Sea) This expression is symbolic in the sense that the position of the moon and the sta r has been used symbolically to refer to something arcane and ominous. Also in this passage, â€Å"wind† has been personified as a monstrous living being. Such symbolisms, personifications and style of expression have endowed the drama with some musical qualities. Indeed the plot of Synge’s drama has been developed through the conflicts, (character-character conflict and character-fate) expressed through dialogue and actions-interactions among the characters. But the

Gathering Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gathering Resources - Assignment Example According to Ungar (2011), there are seven main categories of resources that after examining status of their clients, counselors can employ in a counseling session. The seven resources include power and control, social justice, cohesion, cultural adherence, identity, relationships and access to material resources. In the case of Robinson family encompassing a mother, 14 years old boy, 11 years old girl and 3 months old infant that is victim to domestic violence, the most basic resources are access to material resources and relationships. According to Ungar (2011), material resources fundamental in counseling include financial, educational resources, employment opportunities, access to food, shelter, clothing and medical services. In the case of the Robinson family including a mother, a 14 years old boy, 11 years old girl and 3 months old infant not all the material resources will be necessary and urgent. The most important material resources for the family include shelter, financial and educational resources, medical resources, and food and clothing resources. Employment opportunities will still be irrelevant to the family at least during the early periods of counseling. Assuming that the whole family is healthy from any pathological infection or physical injury, the most important resource for all will be food. Food will have to precede all other resources so to energize the family and enable them survive during search for shelter and clothing that will have to follow immediately. Shelter and clothing will help in providing warmth to the bodies of the family as well as creating comfort while waiting for the next actions. In case that the abuse resulted to physical injuries or that one of the members contracted pathological disease, medical resources would accompany food. The nature of priority here is to rescue life and enhance safety of

The Motion Picture Association of America Essay Example for Free

The Motion Picture Association of America Essay American Psycho, A Clockwork Orange, Boys Don’t Cry, and Clerks. What do all these movies have in common? They were all rated NC-17 at first viewing. The reason why they were rated as such is the real issue. They were rated NC-17 for the sexual content, either shown or talked about. The way in which it was presented in these movies made the MPAA give it an NC-17 rating. The MPAA found it offensive and inappropriate. The violence, some of it quite gruesome, was seen as less offensive and inappropriate according to the MPAA. Despite their best efforts in trying to protect children and what they’re subjected to, the MPAA is utterly useless. The internet provides easy access to pornography and other sexual content by the click of a mouse. The boundaries made by the MPAA in regards to sexual content are unclear most of the time and the rating is inconsistent and gender biased. The MPAA has worn out its usefulness and should be entirely eliminated and replaced with a more democratic, fair and open rating system. A rating system for film has been around for quite a while. Since 1926, the film industry has been rated in some manner. Back in 1926, much more was banned sexually and in terms of violence. â€Å"For almost 40 years the US film industry was governed by the Motion Picture Production Code, which banned nudity, drug use, religious ridicule, disrespect for the law and other depictions in film that would have the effect of lowering society’s moral standards† ( Feiser, np). Many movies back them were quite subtle compared to today’s day and age. Many filmmakers didn’t get adventuress and stayed well within the parameters of the rules because our society was more modest and pure. There was a much harsher strain on sexuality. Romantic scenes were heavily scrutinized to uphold ‘the sanctity of the institution of marriage’ and ‘excessive and lustful kissing, lustful embraces, suggestive postures and gestures, are not to be shown’† (Feiser, np). Filmmakers had no option, they needed to comply with the code or their film would not be released. When the times changed, the rules needed to as well. â€Å"In 1966 the standards of the production code were relaxed, and two years later it was replaced with the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) film rating system, which, in modified form, we follow today† (Fesier, np). However, with this rating sysyem, filmmakers have the option to not follow the guidelines set in place. â€Å"Filmmakers can opt out by not submitting their films for rating and accept an NR (not rated) designation. But by taking NR rating, a film will have less theatrical distribution and will attract fewer viewers to movie houses. Thus, for mainstream films, participation in the rating system is a practical necessity† (Fesier, np). Many filmmakers are stuck when it comes to getting their movie rated because the MPAA is the only company out there that rates films so what they say goes. Even though filmmakers can make their films NR, the film won’t get any publicity and will most likely fail. All filmmakers can do is hope for the best when they submit their film for rating. No filmmaker wants to receive an NC-17 rating because it would require severe editing and cutting of the film. Every filmmaker knows that sex is the only thing that will drastically effect a rating but the rules and guidelines of what sexual things are and aren’t allowed have never been stated by the MPAA and often times, it is shocking what is allowed in one film and not another. Let’s first discuss the issue of masturbation in films. For example, Kevin Smith’s film Jersey Girl, released in 2004, was made by Kevin Smith for his daughter. It’s about one man’s struggle to be a single father after his wife dies in childbirth. The movie contains no nudity or sex scene. When Kevin Smith gave it to the MPAA for rating, Kevin Smith said â€Å"The MPAA gave Jersey Girl an R rating for a scene where Liv Tyler and Ben Affleck’s characters discuss masturbation in a diner† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Kevin Smith, who disagreed with the film’s rating, talked to the head of the MPAA and her response was â€Å"It’s uncomfortable to think of my 16 year old daughter listening to this† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Kevin Smith then said in response, â€Å"Do you really think your daughter hasn’t masturbated? † (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Kevin Smith’s response, although quite brave, brings up quite a valid point. Masturbation is a natural part of life but the MPAA don’t want kids knowing about it. The MPAA is incredibly gender biased when it comes to rating a film that includes physically showing masturbation. For example, in the film But I’m a Cheerleader, in its original viewing, it received an NC-17 rating. The director Jamie Babbit said that â€Å"The MPAA told me that in order to get an R rating, I would have to cut a scene where one of the girls is touching herself fully clothed† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). The director, furious, then makes a great comparison when she uses the example of American Pie. Jamie Babbit says â€Å"In American Pie, Jason Bigg’s character masturbates in an apple pie not fully clothed and yet that only received an R rating† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). A scene much more vulgar and inappropriate receives an R rating because it’s a male and not a female that does the masturbating. A girl fully clothed rubbing herself or a male, with his pants down, masturbating in an apple pie. It’s almost as if the MPAA views guys masturbating as inappropriate but natural but a female masturbating is unnatural and worse. That is insulting to women and angering as a film watcher. The MPAA is also quite harsh in their issue of physical sex between two people and sex scenes in movies. There are many perfect examples of movies being rated harshly, including NC-17 simply for sexual content over extreme violence like blood and gore, and mutilation. One example is when Marry Harron, the director of American Psycho, sent her movie to the MPAA for a rating. She asked the MPAA why it was rated as such and she paraphrases, saying â€Å"It was rated NC-17 but not for a scene of brutal mass murder with a chainsaw. No brutal murder scene was the issue; the issue was a rear entry three way sex scene† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). One scene determined this movie’s harsh rating. One sex scene was enough to overlook several scenes of brutal mass murder. This is just one of many movies that have gotten an NC-17 for one sex scene and not for anything else. For example, Blue Valentine was rated â€Å"NC-17 for a scene of explicit sexual content† (Berkeley Library, np). Crash, as well, was given an NC-17 rating for â€Å"numerous explicit sex scenes (Berkeley Library, np). Even This Film Is Not Yet Rated was given an NC-17 rating due to â€Å"some graphic sexual content† (Berkeley Library, np). Maria Bello is an actress that was in The Cooler, which is another movie rated NC-17, this time because of Maria Bello’s pubic hair being shown in the sex scene. She gives her opinion in This Film Is Not Yet Rated when she says â€Å"I’ve always been such a fan of the way European filmmakers in the way they view sexuality which is real people and real bodies and it’s a way of life and human nature† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). She goes on to say that â€Å"We’ve desexualized sex because we’ve taken it out of being a day to day function. We’ve desexualized because we’re afraid of it† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). David Anser, a film critic for Newsweek says that â€Å"Europe has always found America odd in sexual matters† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Finally, Allison Anders, a director, says that the US has become so strict in their policies of sex that it’s become a â€Å"denial of women pleasure, but of pleasure in general† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Despite all of what is said, there are people who believe that movie censorship is a good thing. Jack Valenti, founder of the MPAA, has had to defend the MPAA and his opinion on censorship for years. He sent an article to the LA Times where he discusses why things are the way they are and why the MPAA is in fact successful. In the article, he states that â€Å"For the last 15 years, more than 70% of parents with children under 13 find the system to be Very Useful to Fairly Useful in helping them guide their childrens movie going† ( Valenti, np). He then mentions that the 2006 poll showed that â€Å"an increase in approval by parents with children under 13 to 80%. Those who said the rating system was Very Useful rose 10% higher than last year. This latest poll underscores my central theme that parents, for whom the system was designed, are highly approving of what it does they trust it† (Valenti, np). First of all, parents with children under 13 years of age are infected by the higher ratings because they can’t even be allowed into a PG-13 movie without a parent. The high ratings are the ones that affect ages 15-18. He should poll those parents and see how many parents agree with the R to NC-17 rating, or even the PG-13 to R rating. Secondly, Matt Stone, co creator of South Park states that â€Å"Valenti brings up these statistics that say that 70% of parents find the ratings useful. I always felt like that was because they’re the only game in town. As compared to nothing at all, they probably are useful† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Having no ratings board at all would be chaos. There needs to be a ratings board, there is no doubt about that. Having nothing at all would is not acceptable but since the MPAA is the only rating board that rates movies, they should be fair in their ratings as well as listen to directors arguments and try their best to accommodate. The MPAA refuses to ever change their minds or hear what anyone has to say. It’s their way or the highway. Unfortunately, the MPAA is not the end all be all in censorship. The internet, although a great tool, has little to no censorship and someone can find just about anything on the internet. As John Waters put it â€Å"All teenagers, because of the internet, have seen more hard core pornography then their parents have seen. They’ve seen the most hideous things you can find on the internet and they’ve all seen it. All kids have searched and gone deep into web porn sites† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Although film is a huge media outlet, kids aren’t seeing any less hideous things just because they’re not allowed to see this movie or an inappropriate sex scene was cut out of a movie. According to Internet Pornography Statistics, â€Å"The average age of a child’s first exposure to pornography is 11. A total of 90 percent of children ages 8-16 have viewed pornography online† (Ropelato, np). Another striking statistic is â€Å"15-17 year olds having multiple hard-core exposures is 80% and 8-16 year olds having viewed porn online is 90% (most while doing homework)† (Ropelato, np). Unfortunately, kids have so many options when it comes to pornographic sites. â€Å"There are 4. 2 million (12% of total websites) pornographic websites and 420 million pornographic pages† (Ropelato, np). By censoring or harshly rating films based on sexual content, all the MPAA is doing is forcing kids to go online to find pornographic material and as proven, it is as easy as the click of the mouse. â€Å"Encino, California inside the headquarters of the Motion Pictures Association of America, an anonymous group of parents gather to rate film G, PG, PG-13, R and NC-17. But the MPAA won’t let anyone inside to see who these people are or how they make their decisions and among their most controversial decisions are the movies they rate NC-17† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). The MPAA has been anonymous and their members have been unknown since the MPAA’s inception. This has come under much scrutiny with filmmakers and film producers because they believe they have a right to know who these people are that rate their films. There are many opinions as to why the MPAA members are unknown and one opinion is by Kimberly Pierce, director of Boys Don’t Cry. She says â€Å"You’re dealing with a very powerful, cultural censorship group that doesn’t want to be disempowered. If you made those names public, you might disempower them† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Kirby Dick, the director of This Film Is Not Yet Rated asks John Lewis, author of Hollywood v. Hardcore â€Å"Is there any other review board in this country that you can think of in any industry besides the C. I. A. that is secret that operates in secrecy. † John Lewis’s simple is a simple but powerful â€Å"No. † The MPAA is the only other association besides the C. I. A. hat operates in secrecy. There is something seriously wrong with that picture. All the MPAA does is rate movies, the C. I. A. helps keep our country from being destroyed. The C. I. A. risks their lives every day to protect us and MPAA members sit in a dark room and rate movies. There is no good reason why the MPAA should be secretive. Naturally, Jack Valenti had something to say as to the reason why board members names are unknown. He told the L. A. Times â€Å"First, the Motion Picture Assn. f America withholds the names of the rating board members so they wont be harassed by disgruntled producers. Grand jury members names are withheld; so are criminal jury members, all for the same reasons. Theres nothing sinister about this. We convey to the press, upon request, a brief biography of each rater. We could make public their names, but if we did, how would that advance the quality of the ratings? † (Valenti, np). What Valenti doesn’t realize is that he has more disgruntled producers because the member’s names are unknown. Producers have the right to know who rated their movie. Kirby Dick said it best when he told Joan Graves â€Å"It seems like the raters who you are trying to protect from influence actually are in direct contact with the people who can influence them, the senior rater’s especially† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). The senior raters would, in all likelihood, have a huge impact in what rating a movie gets and the other raters would be more inclined to agree and give it the same rating as the senior rater did. This is probably due to the fact that the raters have the opinion that the senior raters would know more knowledge of ratings and have more experience so therefore their rating must be the best rating for the film. Senior raters wouldn’t be the only ones that would influence raters, other raters as well would be able to convince another rater to give a rating. Even though Valenti tried to avoid influence, influence is still a big factor in the MPAA. Valenti also told the L. A. Times about the guidelines required to be an MPAA rater. He told the L. A.  Times that â€Å"They are parents, who see a film through the eyes of a parent. We have three senior raters who give historical knowledge to the system, have administrative duties and whose children, young when they started, are now over 17. The rest have younger children† (Valenti, np). Kirby Dick, director of This Film Is Not Yet Rated, hired a private investigator to discover the identities of the MPAA raters and find out if what Valenti said about them is in fact true. The investigator figured out the names of the raters on the 2005 board and discovered that what Valenti said wasn’t 100 percent accurate. One rater was â€Å"Joan Worden, Age 56, Children: 18 year old twins† and â€Å"Howard Fridkin, Age 47, Children: none† (This Film Is Not Yet Rated, Dir. Kirby Dick, IFC Films, 2006, Film). Joan Worden has two twins who are old enough to see an NC-17 movie so how does she know what’s best for children to see? How is someone with no kids like Howard supposed to know what children should and should not see? Ultimately, it’s these factors that make the MPAA utterly useless and really more harm than good. The MPAA and the process of getting a game rated leaves many directors and producers frustrated. The MPAA should be replaced by a rating system which has clear rules and regulations when it comes to how movies are rated. It should also consist of members names that are known so as to give the producers and directors some idea who rated their movie and therefore can discuss easily what needs to be done to get a different rating. This system should also treat violence as being a serious factor, like sex, that determines a movie’s rating. These factors are essential for a successful movie rating system that will benefit not only the movie makers but the audience as well.

Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Inleiding Being aware of the finite stock of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, most countries over the world want to make use of renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy, hydropower, geothermal and ocean energy because they want to ensure energy security. The use of renewable energy has risen considerably in recent times, both in developed and in developing countries as well Bangladesh too. Bangladesh is a developing country with 154 million inhabitants. This equates to 1048 people per km ². It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with a population growth rate of 1,2% per year (Islam et al., 2014). In 2012, the growth rate of GDP was 6,2% (Ahmed et al., 2014). The economy of this country is dependent on agriculture and forestry. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas (Islam et al., 2014). The rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization creates an increasing energy consumption (Islam et al., 2014). In 2000, the energy consumption amounted to 12,7 Mtoe (million tonnes oil equivalent) and in 2011 24,2 Mtoe (figure 1). It is expected that the energy in 2020 will rise to 185%. The electricity consumption per capita is 212 kWh. Consumption is lower than in other developing countries such as India (480,5 kWh) and Pakistan (456,2 kWh). There is a link between the energy consumption per capita and the growth of GDP (Islam et al., 2014). Around 76% of the population has no access to electricity, especially in remote areas in Bangladesh (Ahmed et al., 2014). Figure 1: Final energy consumption in Bangladesh (by fuel type) (Islam et al, 2014) According to Mondal et al. (2014) the biggest contributor of electricity is natural gas (82,81%) . The contribution of other fuels, such as oil, coal, diesel and hydro energy amounts respectively 5,6%, 2,4%, 6,9% and 2,8%. But there is a great shortage of energy. Energy demand is 8350 MW, while the supply is only 6000 MW. In the future, the difference will continue to increase (Ahmed et al., 2014). In 2021, the demand for energy is going to be about 18 838 MW and 33 708 MW by 2030 (Islam et al., 2014). 98,5% of all energy comes from fossil fuels, while only 0,3% of renewable energy. However, the fossil fuel is limited. This is going to be run out in the future. There are 23 fields of natural gas and the reserve contains approximately 566336,9 million km ³. Within the next 15 years this reserve will decrease. Recently it was discovered there 2,9 billion coal, but the extraction of coal is very expensive and the production of electricity from coal in a densely populated country caused a lot of pollution. Coal gives high CO2 emissions and thus harms the environment. Exploration and exploitation of renewable energy sources can reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and mitigate negative impacts on the environment (Ahmed et al., 2014). Renewable energy technologies (RET) Renewable energy is the ideal solution for people that live in remote areas, but also for urban residents due to the acute energy crisis (Ahmed et al., 2014). There are infinite sources of renewable energy such as biomass, wind, solar energy, hydropower. Different types of renewable energy are discussed in this paragraph. Solar energy Solar energy is widely believed to be one of most viable and efficient renewable energy resources mainly for its abundant availability. Bangladesh is an ideal place for solar energy utilization. Annual solar radiation available is more than 1900 kWh/m ². It is found that 94% of the land area in Bangladesh has such radiation which is sufficient for appropriate utilization based on available technology. Maximum radiation begins from March to April, and minimum radiation begins from December to January (Islam et al., 2014). Nearby 32,5% of the entire population has intermittent electricity access. However, a huge number of population is completely out of electricity supply, especially in the rural areas. From a sustainable view point, this scenario retards economic growth and social development of Bangladesh which is, otherwise, a densely populated developing country. Appropriate application of solar energy, as one of the renewable sources, could provide a stimulus to overcome such social and economic problems (Ahmed et al., 2014). Solar home system (SHS) achieved remarkable popularity as off-grid power generation essentially in rural areas where on-grid electricity remains unavailable and the necessary infrastructure is still in its nascent stage. SHS can be viable as a way to energy solution as well as small rural businesses development in rural areas and is contributing to social and economic benefits. Solar home system (SHS) is a decentralized photovoltaic array module connected with a rechargeable battery that can produce 20-100 Wp. Generally, SHS is applicable to low power consuming devices like television, radio, light bulbs, and others. The efficiency of SHS depends on its dimension of array and the sunlight availability. For isolated remote areas in Bangladesh, solar photovoltaic array is the most effective and efficient way for rural electrification. However, installation of such a system is not cost effective for rural mass population where majority of the population in the remote and rural areas do not have adequate access to financial support. Grameen Shakti (GS), a sister concern of Grammen Bank is now providing soft loan to the rural people. GSs effort to solar home system also contributed to socioeconomic development. It is considered as an important stimulus for sustainable development (Ahmed et al., 2014). In 2012 there are already 1,320,965 SHS. By 2015 the government wants to install 4 million SHS (Islam et al., 2014). Wind energy Wind energy potential is not encouraging, except in some coastal areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has a coastal belt of around 724 km. The total capacity of wind energy in Bangladesh is 235 MW. Geographically, strong south-southeast monsoon wind comes from Indian Ocean and enters the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The wind blows continuously with an average speed from 3 m/s to 6 m/s over Bangladesh from March to September. This continuous wind can be captured and converted to kinetic energy with an integrated system comprising of both mechanical and electrical components. This energy can be connected to central grid or can be used to support local electricity supply (Ahmed et al., 2014). However, taking into account wind as a potential renewable energy resource in Bangladesh, disruption occurs due to lack of suitable wind map and the relevant data required to estimate the potential of electricity generation. Global wind data and research shows that wind speed not more than 7 m/s is not viable for large scale grid connected electricity production. But in some places, measured values of wind speed aren’t present in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2014). Biomass energy In Bangladesh, traditional biomass such agricultural residues, wood wastes and animal dung, represents respectively 46%, 34% and 20% of the energy supply. From environmental and economic sustainability viewpoint, biomass energy is an effective energy source for rural population of the country. Bangladesh is endowed with rich biomass energy with a potential electricity generation capacity of 160,93 TWh from agricultural crop residues, followed by 121,768 TWh from recoverable waste, and 29,91 TWh from fuel wood, saw dust and tree residues. There are two kind of types of biomass energy namely biogas and biofuel. Biogas is a residue from animal and municipal wastes. Technology dissemination is very poor. IDCOL (Infrastrcuture Development Company Limited) installed 22549 biogas plants. 32% of the total biogas plants are not working due to lack of appropriate maintenance and technical knowledge. By the another type of the biomass is biofuel. Bangladesh is in early stage developing biofuel. Biofuel is produced from transesterification of oil, which is derived from energy crops. It’s no energy crop being produced for biofuels at commercial scale. The biofuel will be used as gasohol in the vehicle and the price will be reduced by 20-30% compared to other transport fuel. Bangladesh imports large amount of petroleum products with high price from international market and could save millions of foreign exchange as it is used a biofuel. Environmental pollution from transportation sector would also be reduced utilizing biofuel (Islam et al., 2014). Hydropower energy Due to geographical flatness, Bangladesh has limited hydropower potential. It’s 2 hydropower plants (Kaptai and Barak River) and it generates 220 MW and 1500 MW respectively (Ahmed et al., 2014). But small-scale hydropower is popular because of the low cost, reliability and environmental benefits. It has the potential to generate 5MW electricity. Most of the small-scale hydropower potential sites were discovered in rural, remote and hill track areas which can contribute to overall socio-economic development of Bangladesh ensuring power supply for the rural population (Islam et al., 2014). Policy changes Today only 44% of the population in Bangladesh is foreseen with electricity, and on top of that Bangladesh has very limited non-renewable energy resources of its own. An energy crisis and desertification problem in rural areas are not excluded. The government aims since 2005 to provide electricity for everybody before 2020 by the plan to generate more power from coal and furnace-oil-based peaking power plants (Mondal et al., 2014; PSMP, 2005). Increasing the fossil fuels to meet the growing electricity-demand counteracts the world’s attempts to stop (or reduce) climate change. In addition to the influence on a world-scale, the increased use of fossil-fuels has an influence on local scale as well. It’s proved that the power sector in Bangladesh counts for 40% of the total CO2 emissions and as a consequence there’s an increasing need to develop and promote alternative energy sources to reduce the negative impacts on global and local scale (Mondal et al., 2014). Mor eover, too much dependency on natural gas is obviously fraught with risks for power production and for other commercial activities (Sarkar M.A.R. et al., 2003). These issues could be eliminated if renewable energy is used as a primary source of energy in rural areas.Further is rational policy dissemination important because efficient utilization of renewable energy resources is yet to assume commercial dimensions. In this section, a picture will be drawn of the already taken steps in governance on the one hand and opportunities and bottlenecks for the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RET’s) on the other hand. Bangladesh’ government released in 2002 a draft renewable policy which provided modalities, procedures, tariff regulations, fiscal and other incentives,†¦ for the implementation of so-called RET’s (REP, 2002; Mondal et al., 2010). They did foresee also guidelines for the development of an independent authority for renewable energy, namely the Renewable Energy Development Authority (REDA). With this policy, the ambition is to have around 10% renewable energy of the total demand by 2020 (Mondal et al., 2010). This year has to be taken relatively because other sources mention that this share of renewable energy would contribute to national demand in 2030 (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). In 2008, the policy was reformulated and as part of that policy it has engaged with the development partners and private sector to boost generation (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). According to REP (2008), the objectives of the Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh include: to harness the potential of renewable energy resources and dissemination of renewable energy technologies in rural, peri-urban and urban areas to enable, encourage and facilitate both public and private sector investment in renewable energy projects to develop sustainable energy supplies to substitute indigenous non-renewable energy supplies. Although REDA was the sole authority administering all kinds of activities that could be related to energy – both rural and renewable – government decided to establish a new unit for fostering the use of renewable energy for power generation (Mondal et al., 2014). This authority consists of representatives of a large variety of stakeholders, including business community, academics and/or representatives from Bangladesh solar energy society, NGOs, financial institutions as well as implementing agencies (Mondal et al., 2014) and had to take following initiatives to implement the objectives in the policies. It had to take its responsibility concerning coordination, planning, promoting awareness, supporting the establishment of small and medium renewable energy enterprises and service providers, providing financial support in research and soliciting of grid connected renewable energy projects. The authority had to determine the priorities for the renewable technology development. SEDA will support capacity building, human resource and market development. Investments has to be expanded. Microcredit support is established to promote the purchase of renewable energy equipment and private sector participation and joint venture programs will be encouraged. In a way for example, for solar house systems – the most important source of renewable energy for the moment – three different financial systems are available today. On the one hand one can opt for the fee-for-service option. The installation is still owned by Rural Electrification Board (REB) and the users pay a monthly fee for the services. The second option consists the credit program of Grameen Shakti – a not-for-profit company founded to promote and supply renewable energy technology at an affordable rate to rural households of Bangladesh (Right Livelihood Award Foundation Archive, 2007). – where customers pay 50% down payment and the other 50% has to be paid over a long period (varying from 6 months to several years). Regulatory policies to distribute renewable energy has to be implemented Further, Bangladesh became a member of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) – the only inter-governmental agency working exclusively on renewable energy – to reinforce international cooperation. As mentioned before, Bangladesh is working to provide more energy to its people, in order to accelerate economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development. German companies are supporting these efforts through KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Gesellschaft fà ¼r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Embassy Dhaka, 2015). Renewable energy and energy efficiency is a priority area of Bangladeshi-German development cooperation. Finally, it’s important to recognize the importance of awareness and dissemination programs. When people lack information and awareness, government can do as much work as now, they can establish thousands of institutions to stimulate the use of renewable energy, but people won’t (or cannot) make use of it. There is one example where government wanted to implement bio gas plant into rural houses, but they didn’t involve the households in the project and as a consequence, more than 50% of the installations were not working because people were not able to maintain and/or repair the bio gas plants. Considering this fact, a lot of organizations such as Grameen Shakti, REB,†¦ implement this in there guidelines as well (Mondal et al., 2014). Conclusion Energy demand will continue to increase exponentially because of population growth. Since history, economic growth can be coupled closely with energy consumption and production. According to Hassan A. et al. (2012) energy can be seen as a sensible approximation to assume that energy use/capita will increase with GDP/capita. The relationship between energy access and social, economic, environmental,†¦ issues is relevant. Being aware of the finite stock of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment on both a global and a local scale and health of the citizens, most countries, as well Bangladesh want to stimulate the use of renewable energy sources. Therefore, the importance of government as well as private organizations in the process has to be recognized. Subsidizing and supporting private-public Research Development partnerships can make renewable energy projects a successful story. Those endeavors manifest Bangladeshs commitment towards development of renewable energy although Bangladesh cannot make use of all renewable sources such as solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy, hydropower, geothermal and ocean energy equally, because of morphological and other natural characteristics. New solutions to solve the renewable energy crisis in Bangladesh so by governance help it’s possible to promote renewable energy which is more advisable than diverting internal capital to import refined oil from foreign countries (Ahmed S. et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the promotion of renewable energy in Bangladesh is still in an early stage and new projects have to take not only policies into account, but also the people in Bangladesh itself. They need to make use of it, they need to have the knowledge to make use of new installations and they have to repair it. The local demand and income generation opportunities should be the starting point of the implementation of RETs and then, after all, renewable energy in Bangladesh can be a successful story of whi ch a lot of other countries can learn a lot. References Ahmed, S., Islam, M. T., Karim, M. A., Karim, N. M. (2014). Exploitation of renewable energy for sustainable development and overcoming power crisis in Bangladesh.Renewable Energy,72, 223-235. The Press Section (2015). Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. Accessed on 5th of May 2015 on http://www.dhaka.diplo.de/Vertretung/dhaka/en/07/Priority/Energie__Seite.html Islam, M. T., Shahir, S. A., Uddin, T. I., Saifullah, A. Z. A. (2014). Current energy scenario and future prospect of renewable energy in Bangladesh.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, 1074-1088. Mondal, M. A. H., Denich, M., Mezher, T. (2014). Deployment of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh: Long-term policy implications in power sector.Energy Strategy Reviews,2(3), 307-312. REP (2002). Renewable Energy Policy(Draft). Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Right Livelihood Award Foundation Archive (2007). Grameen Shakti (Bangladesh). Accessed on 4th of May 2015 on http://www.rightlivelihood.org/grameen_shakti.html Sarkar, M. A. R., Ehsan, M., Islam, M. A. (2003). Issues relating to energy conservation and renewable energy in Bangladesh.Energy for Sustainable Development,7(2), 77-87. PSMP, 2005. Power sector master plan update, Power Cell, Power Division. Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Board Busyness: Target, Deviation, and Firm Performance

Board Busyness: Target, Deviation, and Firm Performance Abstract I investigate how firms demand for board services, agency issues, and labor market frictions are associated with board busyness, and reexamine the relation between board busyness and firm performance. My theoretical model predicts the existence of heterogeneous target levels of board busyness, which increase with firms demand for board advisory services and decrease with demand for monitoring services. However, frictions arising from agency issues and director labor market could prevent firms from reaching these target levels. My empirical results suggest that the variation in board busyness explained by firms demand for board services is positively associated with firm performance while the variation predicted by agency issues and labor market frictions is negatively related to firm performance. I also find that firm performance is positively associated with the busyness of audit committee, and negatively with that of nominating committee. Collectively, my results do not support the call for setting one size fit all limits of multiple directorships for all firms. Introduction The composition and effectiveness of the board of directors have been the focus of corporate governance literature for decades. While prior studies primarily focus on monitoring function and board independence, a growing literature investigates the advisory function and other board composition dimensions, such as board busyness, size, and diversity. Due to the increased time commitment needed for directors of public companies in recent years, the overboard concern has gained more attention increasingly. Activists and proxy advisors call for limits on multiple directorships with the belief that overboarded directors can harm firm performance. Firms have been increasingly adopting restrictive policies of multiple directorships. A growing literature has emerged to investigate multiple directorships as well. However, theoretical predictions and empirical findings are still ambiguous as to the impact of multiple directorships on firm performance. Multiple directorships are endogenously determined in the director labor market, in which directors work as the suppliers of board services while the firms play as the consumers (demanders). The director labor market plays an essential role in corporate governance by providing managerial talents with reputational incentives through board seats. It is established in the literature how the supplier side works. Specifically, the labor market recognizes the ability difference of managerial talents through various firm performance metrics and provides different numbers of board seats accordingly. However, our understanding of the consumer (demander) side is relatively limited. The previous literature assumes that firms have homogenous demand. Therefore, it is not clear how firms different preferences for director services and other characteristics play a role when firms provide director positions to the market. My study aims to fill this gap. My primary research question asks how firms preference for advisory services and monitoring services, agency issues, and labor market frictions are associated with the multiple directorships on the firm level. The answer to this question is fundamental to appreciate the relation between multiple directorships and firm performance. I posit that different firms have different target levels of board busyness, which maximize the value added by their boards. However, agency issues and labor market frictions could lead firms to deviate from the target levels. Therefore, the association between the observed levels of board busyness and firm performance depends on the composition of different components of board busyness. To examine this argument, I provide a model in which a firm considers its particular preference for advising services and monitoring services and trades off the different effects of multiple directors on advising quality and monitoring quality in determining the target level of multiple directorships held by its board members. The model shows that there exist heterogeneous and time-varying target levels of multiple directorships, which are positively related to the firms advisory need and negatively with its monitoring need. To empirically test the model, I decompose the level of firms multiple directorships into demand related component, friction related component, and unexplained residual component by regressing multiple directorships on a list of factors driving firms demand for board advisory services, demand for monitoring services, agency issues and labor market frictions. Then I examine the relation between these components and various performance metrics. I find consistent evidence of a positive association between firm performance and the demand related component, and a negative association with the friction related component. My committee level analysis shows that firm performance is positively associated with the multiple directorships of the audit committee, and negatively with the multiple directorships of the nominating committee. Given that audit committees are heavily scrutinized during my sample period, and nominating committees are in charge of nominating directors, this finding could b e related with agency issues and director labor market frictions, which I will investigate further. Hersey Blanchard: Situational Leadership Theory Hersey Blanchard: Situational Leadership Theory Hersey and Blanchard characterized leadership style in terms of the amount of Task Behavior and Relationship Behavior that the leader provides to their followers. They categorized all leadership styles into four behvior types: Telling / Directing is characterized by one-way communication in which the leader defines the roles of the individual or group and provides the what, how, when, and where to do the task Selling / Coaching while the leader is still providing the direction, he or she is now using two-way communication and providing the socioemotional support that will allow the individual or group being influenced to buy into the process. Participating / Supporting this is now shared decision making about aspects of how the task is accomplished and the leader is providing less task behaviors while maintaining high relationship behavior. Delegating / Observing the leaders is still involved in decisions; however, the process and responsibility has been passed to the individual or group. The leader stays involved to monitor progress. Golemans Six Emotional Leadership Styles Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis and Annie McKee, in Primal Leadership, describe six styles of leading that have different effects on the emotions of the target followers. These are styles, not types. Any leader can use any style, and a good mix that is customised to the situation is generally the most effective approach. The Visionary Leader The Visionary Leader moves people towards a shared vision, telling them where to go but not how to get there thus motivating them to struggle forwards. They openly share information, hence giving knowledge power to others. They can fail when trying to motivate more experienced experts or peers. This style is best when a new direction is needed. Overall, it has a very strong impact on the climate. The Coaching Leader The Coaching Leader connects wants to organizational goals, holding long conversations that reach beyond the workplace, helping people find strengths and weaknesses and tying these to career aspirations and actions. They are good at delegating challenging assignments, demonstrating faith that demands justification and which leads to high levels of loyalty. It is best used when individuals need to build long-term capabilities. It has a highly positive impact on the climate. The Affiliative Leader The Affiliative Leader creates people connections and thus harmony within the organization. It is a very collaborative style which focuses on emotional needs over work needs. When done badly, it avoids emotionally distressing situations such as negative feedback. Done well, it is often used alongside visionary leadership. It is best used for healing rifts and getting through stressful situations. It has a positive impact on climate. The Democratic Leader The Democratic Leader acts to value inputs and commitment via participation, listening to both the bad and the good news. When done badly, it looks like lots of listening but very little effective action. It is best used to gain buy-in or when simple inputs are needed (when uncertain). It has a positive impact on climate. The Pace-setting Leader The Pace-setting Leader builds challenge and exciting goals for people, expecting excellence and often exemplifying it themselves. They identify poor performers and demand more of them. If necessary, they will roll up their sleeves and rescue the situation themselves. They tend to be low on guidance, expecting people to know what to do. They get short term results but over the long term this style can lead to exhaustion and decline. Done badly, it lacks Emotional Intelligence, especially self-management. A classic problem happens when the star techie gets promoted. It is best used for results from a motivated and competent team. It often has a very negative effect on climate (because it is often poorly done). The Commanding Leader The Commanding Leader soothes fears and gives clear directions by his or her powerful stance, commanding and expecting full compliance (agreement is not needed). They need emotional self-control for success and can seem cold and distant. This approach is best in times of crisis when organization needs unquestioned rapid action and with problem employees who do not respond to other methods. The present autocratic or telling leadership style happens to be the most ineffective one unless a militay base is in action. Follower of this style generally practices low competence, low commitment / unable and unwilling or insecure. Leaders are high task focused and low relationship focused. When the follower cannot do the job and is unwilling or afraid to try, then the leader takes a highly directive role, telling them what to do but without a great deal of concern for the relationship. The leader may also provide a working structure, both for the job and in terms of how the person is controlled. If the leader focused more on the relationship, the follower may become confused about what must be done and what is optional. The leader thus maintains a clear do this position to ensure all required actions are clear. Of these, no single style is considered optimal for all leaders to use all the time. Effective leaders need to be flexible, and must adapt themselves according to the situation. They should prepare a mix strategy to meet the demand of the situation. A clear blend of the above mentioned leadership styles or setting up an opportunity based style may be fruitful in managing a critical situation that Supfit is facing. Task 2: Agreeing appropriate objectives and making effective use of appraisals can improve business performance and help to assess just how well employees are working. Establishing clear, defined objectives helps employees to focus on specific tasks and company goals. A structured appraisal system can help employees feel that their good work is recognised and that they are valued. It can also provide the opportunity to discuss any weaknesses or problems they may have, and to come up with solutions. 1. Benefits of having an appraisals system The purpose of any performance appraisal program is employee development. The value of performance appraisal is in the process of communication between supervisor and employee. Benefits can be defined in broader aspect as under: To increase professional development, skills level, and performance of each employees against defined objectives. Skills and knowledge attained for both personal development and career advancement is the main stream here. It has been described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an evaluative stage. To strengthen working relationship between supervisor and employee by addressing all problems through a systematic and defined way. Expert Supervisors unique consultation feature gives employees expert advice on how to solve different types of employee behaviour and performance problems. To clarify job duties and responsibilities. The list of activities one is required to perform for any occupation are the job duties and this can be defined and monitored without error is performance appraisal. To establish mutually understood standards for measuring performance and discussing apparent weaknesses. This helps an organization to achieve optimum goal towards the success. To give constructive feedback and to praise staff for their good work that in turn will make them feel valued. A common demand of almost all the employees are to get fair feedback as per their performance and these can be only measured transparently if an effective appraisal system exists. To aid in promotion, retention and salary decisions and define further objectives for the employees. Most of the times employees beer a creeping inside that they are well paid and increments are given unfairly which remains the most de-motivating factors. The best way of mitigating such crisis is to have an appraisal system. 2. Elements those are apprised (Factors of an appraisal System): There are few important factors that are closely monitored and rated during an appraisal process and based on those the performance is measured: Inherited Leadership quality in a staff: This refers to the capabilities of an employee to motivate, counsel and direct an under command or subordinate. The biggest factors that an appraisal system looks for is the existence of the leadership quality in an employee. It is very important for the HR team to find out the potential leaders among the general staffs. Planning Decision making capabilities of an employee: Based on the preparation of administrative unit programs, activities and services by reaching firm, clearly defined decisions can be the most expected factors to be appraised. Capability of Managing Staff: The way how an employee manages employee selection, retention, development and appraisal of the others is also looked for during an appraisal system. The most effective way to achieve organization performance is to manage employees as the efficient workforce. Higher management always try to appraise the same quality within a staff who might the potential manager in future. Fiscal Management: The factor refers to the utilization of resources, safeguarding assets, effective internal controls, software/data security and so on. This is completely based on high technology and that is the integral part of modern HR appraisal process as a factor. Human Relations communications of staff: Interpersonal relations with internal and external constituents both verbal and written are known as another biggest factor. Appraisal system assesses how effectively a staff can maintain and retain human relations and how good he or she is in verbal and written communications. Professional expertise (job knowledge): Job knowledge of an employee is the factors of appraisal process where one is assessed based on the performance of the job description. Most of the time this factors carries the most vital role for future placement. Task 3 HONEY MUMFORDS LEARNING STYLE Honey and Mumford (1982) have built a typology of Learning Styles around this sequence, identifying individual preferences for each stage (Activist, Reflector, Theorist, and Pragmatist respectively). Kolb also has a test instrument (the Learning Style Inventory) but has carried it further by relating the process also to forms of knowledge. Fugure-1: Honey Mumfords Learning Style Knowing the learning style can accelerate our learning as we undertake activities that best fit the preferred style. Knowing the learning style can also help avoid repeating mistakes by undertaking activities that strengthen other styles For example, if we tend to jump in at the deep end, consider spending time reflecting on experiences before taking action. Activitists (Do) Immerse themselves fully in new experiences Enjoy here and now Open minded, enthusiastic, flexible Act first, consider consequences later Seek to centre activity around themselves Reflectors (Review) Stand back and observe Cautious, take a back seat Collect and analyze data about experience and events, slow to reach conclusions Use information from past, present and immediate observations to maintain a big picture perspective. Theorists (Conclude) Think through problems in a logical manner, value rationality and objectivity Assimilate disparate facts into coherent theories Disciplined, aiming to fit things into rational order Keen on basic assumptions, principles, theories, models and systems thinking Pragmatists (Plan) Keen to put ideas, theories and techniques into practice Search new ideas and experiment Act quickly and confidently on ideas, gets straight to the point Are impatient with endless discussion Forms of Knowledge and the Learning Cycle The four quadrants of the cycle are associated with four different forms of knowledge, in Kolbs view. Each of these forms is paired with its diagonal opposite. Figure-2: Learning Cycle KOLB LEARNING STYLES David Kolbs learning styles model and experiential learning theory (ELT) Having developed the model over many years prior, David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984. The model gave rise to related terms such as Kolbs experiential learning theory (ELT), and Kolbs learning styles inventory (LSI). In his publications notably his 1984 book Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development Kolb acknowledges the early work on experiential learning by others in the 1900s, including Rogers, Jung, and Piaget. In turn, Kolbs learning styles model and experiential learning theory are today acknowledged by academics, teachers, managers and trainers as truly seminal works; fundamental concepts towards our understanding and explaining human learning behaviour, and towards helping others to learn. Kolbs experiential learning theory (learning styles) model Kolbs learning theory sets out four distinct learning styles (or preferences), which are based on a four-stage learning cycle (which might also be interpreted as a training cycle). In this respect Kolbs model is particularly elegant, since it offers both a way to understand individual peoples different learning styles, and also an explanation of a cycle of experiential learning that applies to us all. Kolb includes this cycle of learning as a central principle his experiential learning theory, typically expressed as four-stage cycle of learning, in which immediate or concrete experiences provide a basis for observations and reflections. Kolbs model therefore works on two levels a four-stage cycle: Concrete Experience (CE) Reflective Observation (RO) Abstract Conceptualization (AC) Active Experimentation (AE) and a four-type definition of learning styles, (each representing the combination of two preferred styles, rather like a two-by-two matrix of the four-stage cycle styles, as illustrated below), for which Kolb used the terms: Diverging (CE/RO) Assimilating (AC/RO) Converging (AC/AE) Accommodating (CE/AE) Honey and Mumfords Variation on the Kolb System Various resources (including this one in the past) refer to the terms activist, reflector, theorist, and pragmatist (respectively representing the four key stages or learning steps) in seeking to explain Kolbs model. In fact, activist, reflector, theorist, and pragmatist are from a learning styles model developed by Honey and Mumford, which although based on Kolbs work, is different. Arguably therefore the terms activist, reflector, theorist, and pragmatist effectively belong to the Honey and Mumford theory. In summary here are brief descriptions of the four HM key stages/styles, which incidentally are directly mutually corresponding and overlaid, as distinct from the Kolb model in which the learning styles are a product of combinations of the learning cycle stages. The typical presentation of these HM styles and stages would be respectively at north, east, south and west on a circle or four-stage cyclical flow diagram. Having an Experience (stage 1), and Activists (style 1): here and now, gregarious, seek challenge and immediate experience, open-minded, bored with implementation. Reviewing the Experience (stage 2) and Reflectors (style 2): stand back, gather data, ponder and analyse, delay reaching conclusions, listen before speaking, thoughtful. Concluding from the Experience (stage 3) and Theorists (style 3): think things through in logical steps, assimilate disparate facts into coherent theories, rationally objective, reject subjectivity and flippancy. Planning the next steps (stage 4) and Pragmatists (style 4): seek and try out new ideas, practical, down-to-earth, enjoy problem solving and decision-making quickly, bored with long discussions. There is arguably a strong similarity between the Honey and Mumford styles/stages and the corresponding Kolb learning styles: Activist = Accommodating Reflector = Diverging Theorist = Assimilating Pragmatist = Converging Recommended Style: As per the scenario the existing European workforce has been a bit more problematic to management, demanding more holiday time and consultation than their American counterparts. The founder and CEO has recently decided to implement a more Americanised approach, which has meant less employee and union consultation, and more top down decision-making. As Supfit does invest heavily in company training, and has instigated more of an experiential and participative approach to learning and training, including the use of mentors, we can very well use the combination of Honey and Mumfords learning cycle and Kolbs Learning Style. Initially it may happen that the existing workforce may not be liking the style but as human nature is to get freedom, gradually the work force will be acquainted with the process. Task 4: The flexible firm combines functional, numerical and financial flexibility by operating with workforce consisting of both core and peripheral workers with a number of other workers on a variety of non-standard employment contracts. Some non-core functions are also outsourced or contracted out. Good answers offered examples to illustrate this range of flexible options for organisations. The implications of the flexible firm were less convincingly addressed in answers. Issues that could have been discussed were that organisations can minimise employment costs and become more responsive to change in markets and technology by reorganising their employment systems in this way. In terms of HR, the issues of administering a variety of contracts of employment should have been raised in terms of the organisations commitment to different types of employees (opportunities for training and development, reward etc) Also, the motivation of peripheral employees may differ from that of core employees. As per the Atkinson and Meager the firms sought four kinds of flexibility: Functional Numerical Pay Distancing Functional flexibility or multi-skilling was sought amongst core employees within the firm. Other categories of employment were subject to strategies of peripheralization. This involved various forms of numerical flexibility that included increasing the numbers of part-timers, short-term contractors, trainees and job sharers in order to maximize the fit between a firms perceived labour force needs and its employment practices. They suggested that pay flexibility was also sought, partly to purchase the functional flexibility outlined above and partly as a key to a global transformation of the effort-bargain within such firms. Atkinson and Meagers Model of the Flexible Firm Conjunctional Cases Outcomes Unemployment Weak Trade Unions Numerical Flexibility (part-timers, Short-term contractors, casuals, Greater Competitive Pressure new patterns of hours) Functional Flexibility (variability Greater Volatility Uncertainty of tasks) Distancing (sub-contracting) Technological Change Pay Flexibility Figure-3: Atkinson Meagers Model of the Flexible Firm Basis and Aspects of the Atkinsons Model: Let us discuss the various parameters where the model works on various aspects of flexible firm. 1. Flexible Hours: a. Flexitime: Flexitime allows an employee to select the hours he or she will work. There are usually specified limits set by the employer. Employees on a flexible schedule may work a condensed work week or may work a regular work week. Those working a condensed week may work four ten hour days, rather than five eight hour days. Those who work a five day week may work hours other than the typical nine to five. b. Crà ¨che: The Crà ¨che (from French) in zoology refers to care of anothers offspring, for instance in a colony. This term is used in the study of bird colonies. Many penguins form crà ¨ches, in addition to many other birds such as the Canada Goose, Common Eider and Common Shelduck. Here, the meaning is slightly different as the it means to arrange the stay of the workers/staffs in an area i.e. colony, arranged by the employer. c. Special Shifts: Special shift for married women had been a longstanding feature of employment relations in the human management. These are mostly twilight or evening shifts and especially designed for the benefit of the group of staffs. d. Child Care Arrangements e. Transport to Work 2. Payment Systems: This is actually based on the merit pay and change to the mundane payment system based on various elements to justify the capabilities of the workers i.e. performance and quality based payment system. 3. Part time Workers: 4. Use of other kinds of Peripheral labour a. Agency Workers: Workers engaged through, or by, an employment agency or bureau and supplied to a hiring employer on a temporary basis. Some agencies employ their workers directly and should therefore provide their staff with a contract of employment. Other agencies contract workers to provide a service to the hiring employer. In this case staffs are probably self-employed, though possibly not for tax purposes, and will have a contract for service. b. Short-Term Contractees: In other language they are called Floater who work for a certain short period especially when the work load increase during a certain period of the year. c. Casual Workers: A casual worker was defined in the survey as a temporary worker who only works when their employer asks them to, on an as-needed basis, whose work is typically done in short episodes. A casual worker may be asked to work a shift, for a few days or, less often, for several weeks at a time. Casual workers do not have any guarantee of regular ongoing work. d. Home workers/Out workers Applications of Atkinsons Model in Case of Supfit: The best implications of Atkinsons Model can in case the present organization (Supfit) in the sector of appointing non-permanent staffs. As we are in the context of European Workforce it would the best to have a good ratio of peripheral workers i.e. part time employees, agency workers, short term workers and casual workers with flexible shift, flexible payment term and crà ¨che facilities. This will create a feeling of cohesiveness among the permanent staffs and to fulfil their requirement of leave, personal interest and other facilities. It is very natural that staff would have some personal problems even during the high business hour and management should not forget that a complete life consists of personal and professional activities. Once the permanent staff is unable to attend in a specific time and job requirement the peripheral labours can be placed and get the maximum outcomes. Moreover, it is an expensive issue to have a goof numbers of permanent staffs as it involves overtime facilities, high salary and wages, uniforms, earn leave and other leave coverage, group or health insurance, good amount of bonuses and so on. To avoid we may have limited numbers of supervisory permanent staffs and a good number of peripheral workers who will be kept under the supervision of permanent staffs to get the maximum profit margin for the owner group. Based on the above a planning to be prepared to arrange such a flexible environment where the employees are highly satisfied. While doing so we should not forget to compromise with the organizational performance and profit maximization. It is the basic goal for human resource to create a highly satisfied staffs that leads to the organizational performance. Task 5: According to the Human Resource Development we can use various approaches for on the job learning for the overall development of the staffs as well as the organization. Job Rotations Special Assignments Coaching Mentoring Individual Development Plan Manager as Teacher Learning Groups (Teams) Among all the approaches I have the privilege to discuss on four approaches which are as under: Job Rotation: Job rotation is an approach to management development where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him or her a breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation is also practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company, and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. The term job rotation can also mean the scheduled exchange of persons in offices, especially in public offices, prior to the end of incumbency or the legislative period. This has been practiced by the German green party for some time but has been discontinued. At the senior management levels, job rotation frequently referred to as management rotation, is tightly linked with succession planning developing a pool of people capable of stepping into an existing job. Here the goal is to provide learning experiences which facilitate changes in thinking and perspective equivalent to the horizon of the level of the succession planning. For lower management levels job rotation has normally one of two purposes: promotability or skill enhancement. In many cases senior managers seem unwilling to risk instability in their units by moving qualified people from jobs where the lower level manager is being successful and reflecting positively on the actions of the senior manager. Many military jobs use the job rotation strategy to allow the soldiers to develop a wider range of experiences, and an exposure to the different jobs of an occupation. Coaching Coaching is a method of directing, instructing and training a person or group of people, with the aim to achieve some goal or develop specific skills. There are many ways to coach, types of coaching and methods to coaching. Sessions are typically one-on-one either in-person or over the telephone. Direction may include motivational speaking. Training may include seminars, workshops, and supervised practice. At the present days coaching refers to a method of personal development or human resource development (HRD). The field of coaching is becoming a distinct area of practice for individuals and in organizations. Today, coaching is a recognized discipline used by many professionals engaged in human development. However, as a distinct profession, it is relatively new and self-regulating. No independent supervisory board evaluates these programs and they are all privately owned. These bodies all accredit various coaching schools as well as individual coaches, except the IAC and ECI which only certify individuals. According to coach credentialing expert, Dr. Rey Carr, in North America the term accreditation only applies to organizations, and certification applies to individuals; whereas in European countries accreditation can mean either organizations or individuals. Mentoring Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the person they want to be. Eric Parsloe, The Oxford School of Coaching Mentoring Mentoring is a powerful personal development and empowerment tool. It is an effective way of helping people to progress in their careers and is becoming increasing popular as its potential is realised. It is a partnership between two people (mentor and mentee) normally working in a similar field or sharing similar experiences. It is a helpful relationship based upon mutual trust and respect. A mentor is a guide who can help the mentee to find the right direction and who can help them to develop solutions to career issues. Mentors rely upon having had similar experiences to gain an empathy with the mentee and an understanding of their issues. Mentoring provides the mentee with an opportunity to think about career options and progress. A mentor should help the mentee to believe in herself and boost her confidence. A mentor should ask questions and challenge, while providing guidance and encouragement. Mentoring allows the mentee to explore new ideas in confidence. It is a chance to look more closely at oneself, ones issues, opportunities and what someone want in life. Mentoring is about becoming more self aware, taking responsibility for our life and directing the life in the direction we decide, rather than leaving it to chance. Self Development Self-Development is taking personal responsibility for ones own learning and development through a process of assessment, reflection, and taking action. This is a method of learning style helps to: To continually update skills and to remain marketable in the workplace To determine future career direction Strategies that we may use these skills highly depend of the individuals capability and willingness to take challenges. To do those effectively followings can be adhered: Assessing current skills and interest through paper-and-pencil career tests or through computer programs that analyze skills and interests. Maintain a learning log or diary to help us analyze what we are learning from work experiences. Write a personal vision and mission statement. Develop a personal development plan that identifies learning needs and goals. Find a mentor who can provide with best support, advice, and assistance in career direction. Become involved in professional organizations. Read professional journals and trade magazines to keep current on the latest developments in relevant field. Approach to be adhered by Supfit: It is always expected that employees to adhered the practices of continuous self developments within them which ultimately leads toward the optimal goal. Nevertheless, human nature is to relax (in most of the cases) unless a competitive environment is in place. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the higher management of Supfit to create a blend of the approached judiciously prepared and practiced on trail basis before implementing on the employees. In the given scenario it has been observed that the employee complaints, absenteeism, turnover and complaint to union which is not very good in the long run. A discussion session to be arranged with the union leaders in presence of the all the employees to make them understand by a participative manner that how it will help the individuals in the long run. Mentionable here that in most of the cases the staffs do not like to attend training session in holidays or by hampering their day to activities. This ba